工业园区低碳发展模式评估与规划分析

通过对工业园区低碳发展模式的评估,分析其低碳发展的能源特征、经济特征与人力特征,并确定工业园区二氧化碳减排的潜力能源。基于能源-碳减排(EC)、经济-能源-碳减排(EEC)和人力-经济-能源-碳减排(HEEC)三种不同情景,在未来发展的一定规划期内,对工业园区具有二氧化碳减排潜力的能源进行规划分析,确定其年递减率,从而实现工业园区不同情景下的二氧化碳减排。通过实际案例研究,证明了评估与规划分析模型的可行性。     

环境雌激素双酚A暴露现状及其雄性生殖毒性研究概况

双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)作为典型的环境雌激素,在环境中广泛存在,具有接触机会频繁、剂量累积、潜伏期长等特点,是对生殖系统危害极大的一类污染物。研究表明BPA可在地表水、野生动物体内检测出,甚至在健康人群的体液中存在,尤其在婴儿体内含量较高。BPA进入机体后可通过I相和II相代谢酶分解,其分解产物的毒性目前仍不清楚。BPA在体内发挥雌激素样作用,与雌二醇竞争性地结合到雌激素受体上,阻碍雄激素受体的活性,促进促黄体生成素与催乳素的合成,最终抑制雄性激素的合成。BPA可破坏血睾屏障,直接刺激睾丸细胞的凋亡并导致精子质量下降,其中主要通过影响下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(HPG)上促性腺激素释放激素受体(Gn RHR)、促黄体生成素受体(LHRβ)和促卵泡雌激素(Fshb)的表达和直接刺激睾丸和附睾细胞,降低睾酮合成酶的表达及活性,抑制与精子生成相关蛋白的表达,从而影响生殖能力。同时,BPA代谢过程中消耗大量的抗氧化酶,产生氧自由基,其氧化产物可能会对睾丸和附睾的损伤形成二次打击。总之,双酚A造成雄性生殖损伤障碍主要是损伤HPG轴正负反馈调节的平衡以及影响调节激素相关基因的表达和直接损伤睾丸细胞和精子质量。     

Assessing health impacts in complex eco-epidemiological settings in the humid tropics: Modular baseline health surveys

The quantitative assessment of health impacts has been identified as a crucial feature for realising the full potential of health impact assessment (HIA). In settings where demographic and health data are notoriously scarce, but there is a broad range of ascertainable ecological, environmental, epidemiological and socioeconomic information, a diverse toolkit of data collection strategies becomes relevant for the mainly small-area impacts of interest. We present a modular, cross-sectional baseline health survey study design, which has been developed for HIA of industrial development projects in the humid tropics. The modular nature of our toolkit allows our methodology to be readily adapted to the prevailing eco-epidemiological characteristics of a given project setting. Central to our design is a broad set of key performance indicators, covering a multiplicity of health outcomes and determinants at different levels and scales. We present experience and key findings from our modular baseline health survey methodology employed in 14 selected sentinel sites within an iron ore mining project in the Republic of Guinea. We argue that our methodology is a generic example of rapid evidence assembly in difficult-to-reach localities, where improvement of the predictive validity of the assessment and establishment of a benchmark for longitudinal monitoring of project impacts and mitigation efforts is needed.     

A correlation between the fate and non-extractable residue formation of 14C-metalaxyl and enzymatic activities in soil

Extracellular, oxidative soil enzymes like monophenol oxidases and peroxidases play an important role in transformation of xenobiotics and the formation of organic matter in soil. Additionally, these enzymes may be involved in the formation of non-extractable residues (NERs) of xenobiotics during humification processes. To examine this correlation, the fate of the fungicide ¹⁴C metalaxyl in soil samples from Ultuna (Sweden) was studied. Using different soil sterilization techniques, it was possible to differentiate between free, immobilized, and abiotic (“pseudoenzyme”-like) oxidative activities. A correlation between the formation of metalaxyl NER and soil organic matter content, biotic activities, as well as extracellular phenoloxidase and peroxidase activities in the bulk soil and its particle size fractions was determined. Extracellular soil-bound enzymes were involved in NER formation (up to 8% of applied radioactivity after 92 days) of the fungicide independently from the presence of living microbes and different distributions of the NER in the soil humic subfractions.     

Fate in soil of 14C-sulfadiazine residues contained in the manure of young pigs treated with a veterinary antibiotic

The fate of ¹⁴C-labeled sulfadiazine (¹⁴C-SDZ) residues was studied in time-course experiments for 218 days of incubation using two soils (A_p horizon of loamy sand, orthic luvisol; A_p horizon of silt loam, cambisol) amended with fresh and aged (6 months) ¹⁴C-manure [40 g kg^?1 of soil; 6.36 mg of sulfadiazine (SDZ) equivalents per kg of soil], which was derived from two shoats treated with ¹⁴C-SDZ. Mineralization of ¹⁴C-SDZ residues was below 2% after 218 days depending little on soil type. Portions of extractable ¹⁴C (ethanol-water, 9:1, v/v) decreased with time to 4–13% after 218 days of incubation with fresh and aged ¹⁴C-manure and both soils. Non-extractable residues were the main route of the fate of the ¹⁴C-SDZ residues (above 90% of total recovered ¹⁴C after 218 days). These residues were high immediately after amendment depending on soil type and aging of the ¹⁴C-manure, and were stable and not remobilized throughout 218 days of incubation. Bioavailable portions (extraction using CaCl₂ solution) also decreased with increasing incubation period (5–7% after 218 days). Due to thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 500 μg of ¹⁴C-SDZ per kg soil were found in the ethanol-water extracts immediately after amendment with fresh ¹⁴C-manure, and about 50 μg kg^?1 after 218 days. Bioavailable ¹⁴C-SDZ portions present in the CaCl₂ extracts were about 350 μg kg^?1 with amendment. Higher concentrations were initially detected with aged ¹⁴C-manure (ethanol-water extracts: 1,920 μg kg^?1; CaCl₂ extracts: 1,020 μg kg^?1), probably due to release of ¹⁴C-SDZ from bound forms during storage. Consistent results were obtained by extraction of the ¹⁴C-manure-soil samples with ethyl acetate; portions of N-acetylated SDZ were additionally determined. All soluble ¹⁴C-SDZ residues contained in ¹⁴C-manure contributed to the formation of non-extractable residues; a tendency for persistence or accumulation was not observed. SDZ's non-extractable soil residues were associated with the soluble HCl, fulvic acids and humic acids fractions, and the insoluble humin fraction. The majority of the non-extractable residues appeared to be due to stable covalent binding to soil organic matter.     

Metabolic fate of dichloromethyl‐0,0‐diphenyl phosphonate (I) and dichloromethyl‐0,0‐di‐(p‐nitrophenyl) phosphonate (II) in/on rice plants∗

Abstract

Metabolic fate of two dichloromethyl diaryl phosphonates (³²P labelled) in/on rice plants was investigated. The test compounds were found to be less persistent on the surface of rice leaves with half lives 7.4 and 6.7 days respectively. Main degradation product from both the phosphonates were dichloromethyl phosphonic acid with trace of dichloromethyl‐O‐aryl phosphonate as a transitory intermediate product.     

濮阳市工业污染特征与产业布局调整路径探析

基于2017年濮阳市第二次全国污染源普查数据,采用聚类分析和核密度分析的方法对濮阳市行业结构特征、工业污染集聚特征进行了分析。结果表明,濮阳市支柱行业为石化行业,工业总产值占比36.92%,远高于其他行业;非金属矿物制品企业数量最多,污染物排放总量最高;颗粒物排放量占濮阳市工业污染源排放总量的33%,占比最高;非金属矿物制品业与石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业是濮阳市废气污染物的主要来源,石油、煤炭及其他燃料加工业与农副产品加工业是濮阳市废水污染物的主要来源;濮阳市产业集聚区是污染物产排的重要区域,其污染物产生量占濮阳市污染物产生总量的95.49%,污染物排放量占濮阳市排放总量的63.05%。而非产业集聚区的污染物排放量占濮阳市排放总量的36.95%,是精准治污的重点。针对濮阳市产业结构和产业布局现状,提出,重新整合辖区非金属矿物制品业,继续做强石化行业,兼顾发展污染物排放强度低的行业;挖掘产业集聚区减排潜力,建设绿色产业集聚区是经济与环境协调发展的重要途径;非产业集聚区企业应因地制宜,政策引导,发挥中小企业自主能动性,提升环境质量。以期为濮阳市产业布局调整提供技术支持。     

2008年我国环境保护投资总体特征分析

立足于环保投资数据库,从投资构成、空间分布和行业分布3个方面对我国环保投资进行综合分析。2008年,全国环保投资增幅持续保持较快增长,环保投资弹性系数为1.9,环保投资增速大大超过经济增速,"三同时"项目成为拉动环保投资的主要驱动力。引入了环保投资平衡度的概念,在此基础上对各地区环保投资的合理性进行了初步分析。重点行业环保投资方面,工业治污设施运行费用远远大于同期固定资产投资,一定程度上说明了应对治污运行费用来源给予充分重视,采取措施确保稳定可靠的资金渠道。     

Groundwater Pollution Around an Industrial Area in the Coastal Stretch of Maharashtra State, India

The main objective of this paper is to examine pollution threat, especially to the groundwater resources, around Tarapur industrial area (also called the Tarapur MIDC area) located on the Arabian Sea Coast in Thane District of Maharashtra State, India and suggest remedial measures that may also be relevant to other industrial areas on the Indian Sea Coast. One hundred and thirty one samples were collected from various sources, such as dugwells, borewells, dug-cum-borewells, effluent sumps, drainage channels (effluent channels), creeks and ocean, for chemical analyses. These analyses show that the area in general is characterized by hard water and high salinity hazard, possibly due to its proximity and hydraulic connection with the sea. Although the potability of groundwater is questionable in certain pockets, it is good enough for irrigation purposes at present. Low pH value and high heavy metal contents in the adjoining Muramba creek water is a matter of great concern and may be attributed to the indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents to the drainage channels connecting the creek. Muramba Creek is well connected with the Arabian Sea, and there are evidences of seawater intrusion around this creek. Because of the fact that Muramba Creek is highly polluted, and is hydraulically connected with the dugwells and borewells surrounding the creek, it cannot be ruled out that the groundwater around this creek is susceptible to contamination. Unless measures are not taken immediately to stop the indiscriminate disposal of the solid wastes and liquid effluents in open ground and drainage channels, and measures are not taken to maintain the appropriate pH values at the effluent treatment facilities before their disposal, the problem would indeed be formidable one day, and it will be too late then for the authorities to take care of the resulting maladies. Few suggestions have been given for controlling and managing the industrial pollution around the Tarapur MIDC area. These suggestions are relevant to other industrial areas situated on the 7,000 km long Indian Sea Coast.     

Soil contamination of heavy metals in the Katedan Industrial Development Area, Hyderabad, India

Studies on quantitative soil contamination due to heavy metals were carried out in Katedan Industrial Development Area (KIDA), south of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India under the Indo-Norwegian Institutional Cooperation Programme. The study area falls under a semi-arid type of climate and consists of granites and pegmatite of igneous origin belonging to the Archaean age. There are about 300 industries dealing with dyeing, edible oil production, battery manufacturing, metal plating, chemicals, etc. Most of the industries discharge their untreated effluents either on open land or into ditches. Solid waste from industries is randomly dumped along roads and open grounds. Soil samples were collected throughout the industrial area and from downstream residential areas and were analysed by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for fourteen trace metals and ten major oxides. The analytical data shows very high concentrations of lead, chromium, nickel, zinc, arsenic and cadmium through out the industrial area. The random dumping of hazardous waste in the industrial area could be the main cause of the soil contamination spreading by rainwater and wind. In the residential areas the local dumping is expected to be the main source as it is difficult to foresee that rain and wind can transport the contaminants from the industrial area. If emission to air by the smokestacks is significant, this may contribute to considerable spreading of contaminants like As, Cd and Pb throughout the area. A comparison of the results with the Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (SQGL) show that most of the industrial area is heavily contaminated by As, Pb and Zn and local areas by Cr, Cu and Ni. The residential area is also contaminated by As and some small areas by Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The Cd contamination is detected over large area but it is not exceeding the SQGL value. Natural background values of As and Cr exceed the SQGL values and contribute significantly to the contamination in the residential area. However, the availability is considerably less than anthropogenic contaminants and must therefore be assessed differently. The pre- and post-monsoon sampling over two hydrological cycles in 2002 and 2003 indicate that the As, Cd and Pb contaminants are more mobile and may expect to reach the groundwater. The other contaminants seem to be much more stable. The contamination is especially serious in the industrial area as it is housing a large permanent residing population. The study not only aims at determining the natural background levels of trace elements as a guide for future pollution monitoring but also focuses on the pollution vulnerability of the watershed. A plan of action for remediation is recommended.