熔池高度对双辊薄带凝固组织影响的模拟预测

在已建立的理论数学模型的基础上,以1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢为研究对象,模拟预测了薄带厚度保持不变条件下熔池高度对薄带凝固组织的影响。研究结果表明:随着熔池高度增加,1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢双辊薄带凝固组织中柱状晶区比例首先增大,然后又逐渐减小。而柱状枝晶取向度和枝晶间距则随着熔池高度的增加而增大,但在较低的熔池高度条件下,柱状枝晶间距在凝固结束时有突然增大的趋势。     

改性纳米碳黑用于重金属污染土壤改良的研究

采用培养试验,研究了添加改性纳米碳黑对江西贵溪污染土壤中有效态Cu和Zn含量的影响,并对比研究了包施和混施效果差异,同时还通过温室盆栽试验研究了改性纳米碳黑对黑麦草生物量和黑麦草对Cu和Zn的吸收量以及土壤Cu和Zn形态的影响.结果表明,添加改性纳米碳黑可以降低土壤中有效态Cu和Zn的含量.与对照相比,培养60d后,添加1%、3%和5%改性纳米碳黑的土壤有效态Cu含量分别降低了47.3%、72.0%和80.9%,有效态Zn含量分别降低了3.0%、17.7%和43.6%.同等材料用量下包施不如混施的钝化效果好,且所用时间要长,但包施具有将所施材料和被吸附的重金属移出土壤体系的优点.土壤中添加改性碳黑可以促进黑麦草的生长,降低Cu和Zn在黑麦草地上部的积累量同时降低了土壤中Cu和Zn交换态和碳酸盐结合态,而增加有机物及硫化物结合态含量.     

霸螨灵与Cu2+对蝌蚪的急性毒性试验研究

以蝌蚪为试验材料，采用室内试验方法，研究了霸螨灵和Cu^2＋对蝌蚪的急性毒性和联合毒性。实验结果表明，霸螨灵对蝌蚪的毒性大于Cu^2＋，且两者对于蝌蚪均属高毒物质。     

Use of whole-body and subcellular Cu residues of Lumbriculus variegatus to predict waterborne Cu toxicity to both L. variegatus and Chironomus riparius in fresh water

We tested the use of whole-body and subcellular Cu residues (biologically-active (BAM) and inactive compartments (BIM)), of the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus to predict Cu toxicity in fresh water. The critical whole-body residue associated with 50% mortality (CBR₅₀) was constant (38.2-55.6 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt.) across water hardness (38-117 mg L⁻¹ as CaCO₃) and exposure times during the chronic exposure. The critical subcellular residue (CSR₅₀) in metal-rich granules (part of BIM) associated with 50% mortality was approximately 5 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt., indicating that Cu bioavailability is correlated with toxicity:subcellular residue is a better predictor of Cu toxicity than whole-body residue. There was a strong correlation between the whole-body residue of L. variegatus (biomonitor) and survival of Chironomus riparius (relatively sensitive species) in a hard water Cu co-exposure. The CBR₅₀ in L. variegatus for predicting mortality of C. riparius was 29.1-45.7 μg g⁻¹ fresh wt., which was consistent within the experimental period; therefore use of Cu residue in an accumulator species to predict bioavailability of Cu to a sensitive species is a promising approach.     

钢铁工业氮氧化物污染防治途径研究

针对钢铁工业氮氧化物减排的紧迫形势,首先介绍了钢铁工业氮氧化物主要排放源,提出了烧结工序和自备电厂是氮氧化物排放的主要污染源,其烟气中氮氧化物控制是钢铁企业氮氧化物减排的重点;其次对钢铁工业氮氧化物生成机理,热力型、燃料型、快速型进行了分析;在此基础上,总结了钢铁工业烧结、自备电厂、焦化、炼铁、轧钢工序氮氧化物污染防治技术途径,为钢铁工业进一步开展氮氧化物减排工作提供了技术支撑.     

污泥含炭吸附剂对Cu^2＋的吸附实验研究

研究了采用ZnCl2化学活化法制备的污泥含炭吸附刺去除水溶液中Cu^2＋的效果,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Cu^2＋浓度等对去除率的影响。实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Cu^2＋具有较强的吸附性能,吸附平衡时间约为1h;pH值是影响吸附的主要因素,实际应用中一般控制在pH=5．0;Cu^2＋的浓度不宜过高,为了达到较好的去除效果,实际应用中吸附剂用量一般不能低于2g／100mL溶液。     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

聚丙烯酸-聚偏氟乙烯树脂对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

采用溶液热诱导聚合和相转移共混新技术,制备了聚丙烯酸-聚偏氟乙烯(PAA-PVDF)微球树脂,研究了该树脂对水溶液中Cu₂₊的吸附性能,吸附热力学及吸附动力学.模型拟合结果表明,PAA-PVDF树脂对Cu₂₊具有优良的吸附性能,吸附量随温度升高而增大.热力学参数△G0<0、△H0>0、△S0>0,证实了该树脂对Cu₂₊的吸附为自发的吸热过程.PAA-PVDF树脂对Cu2+的等温吸附较好地符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,D-R等温吸附表明该吸附过程为离子交换反应.该吸附过程的动力学符合准二级动力学方程.PAA-PVDF树脂的吸附/脱附性能优良,经吸附/脱附4次循环后,其吸附量>5mg/g,脱附率仍超过95%.     

高能重离子辐照下国产RPV钢A508-3的硬化行为

目的 研究在563 K的温度条件下,高能重离子辐照导致国产RPV钢A508-3的硬化行为。方法 使用回旋加速器提供的352.8 MeV Fe²¹⁺对A508-3钢试样进行辐照,使其依次达到0.15、0.30、1.50 dpa的损伤水平。借助辐照终端的梯度减能装置,在样品表面至25 μm的深度范围内产生一个准均匀分布的原子离位损伤坪区,并使用纳米压痕仪和维氏显微硬度计测量了试样的硬度。结果 考虑到压痕尺寸效应的影响,采用Nix-Gao模型对硬度数据进行拟合,由于高能Fe离子产生了较厚的损伤区,辐照试样中的软基效应明显减弱。辐照后的试样出现明显的硬化现象,且随着辐照剂量的增大,硬化增量有饱和趋势。通过辐照前和辐照至0.15 dpa试样的微硬度数据,得出其与纳米硬度之间的线性关系(Hv0=0.85 H0)。结论 借助A508-3辐照前后的硬度数据,计算发现试样的屈服强度增量与辐照剂量之间存在一种幂函数关系,这为A508-3钢中子-离子辐照硬化的映射关系研究提供了基础数据。     

长江中下游海相三叠系膏盐层与铜(金)、铁矿床

长江中下游海相三叠系膏盖层中含有很大比例的大、中型铜（金）、铁、多金属矿床。膏盐层不仅是铜（金）、铁矿床的主要赋矿层位之一，而且是部分成矿金属的矿源层；膏盐层还为燕山期岩浆提供部分钠质、钾质及挥发组分，影响岩浆演化的方向，改变了含矿流体的性质；另外，从岩体和矿床中金属硫化物中流同位素重硫成分的增高，说明在成者、成矿过程中，膏盐层是硫的供应者之一。因此膏盐层与铜（金）、铁、多金属矿床之间存在着特殊的成因联系。