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61.
放线菌StreptomycesvenezuelaeGY1产生的聚乙烯醇(PVA)降解酶是一种诱导酶.以4种不同类型的PVA为唯一碳源时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力比以糖类物质为唯一碳源时提高10倍以上.聚合度和醇解度最高的PVA1799是该菌株产生PVA降解酶的适宜底物,其浓度为1gL-1时,PVA降解酶的产量为120u/g(细胞).培养基中PVA1799浓度由1gL-1上升到5gL-1时,该菌株单位质量细胞产酶能力下降73%,表明PVA1799浓度过高会抑制产酶.GY1菌株产酶的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.0.在GY1菌株生长过程中控制以下条件有利于产生PVA降解酶:(1)保持培养体系中较高的溶氧水平;(2)在氮源中补充NO-3;(3)在一定浓度范围内添加MgSO4·7H2O、CaCl2、MnSO4、BaCl2、ZnSO4、FeSO4·7H2O和CuSO4等金属盐.Pseudomonassp.产生的PVA降解酶能够作用伯醇或仲醇类化合物,以这些伯醇或仲醇类化合物代替培养基中的PVA,不能诱导GY1菌株产生PVA降解酶;而在培养基中有PVA存在时,再添加0.5gL-1的3戊醇和环己醇能够明显促进PVA降解酶的产生(单位质量细胞产酶能力分别提高了21%和32%).图8表1参10 相似文献
62.
Summary The distinguishing characteristics of secondary metabolism and its associated metabolites are outlined. Current theories relating to the function of secondary metabolism in plants and micro-organisms are enumerated and the view that consideration of the processes rather than the products may best explain the origins of secondary metabolism is discussed. 相似文献
63.
Social network theory has made major contributions to our understanding of human social organisation but has found relatively
little application in the field of animal behaviour. In this review, we identify several broad research areas where the networks
approach could greatly enhance our understanding of social patterns and processes in animals. The network theory provides
a quantitative framework that can be used to characterise social structure both at the level of the individual and the population.
These novel quantitative variables may provide a new tool in addressing key questions in behavioural ecology particularly
in relation to the evolution of social organisation and the impact of social structure on evolutionary processes. For example,
network measures could be used to compare social networks of different species or populations making full use of the comparative
approach. However, the networks approach can in principle go beyond identifying structural patterns and also can help with
the understanding of processes within animal populations such as disease transmission and information transfer. Finally, understanding
the pattern of interactions in the network (i.e. who is connected to whom) can also shed some light on the evolution of behavioural
strategies. 相似文献
64.
Shinnosuke Nakayama Reiji Masuda Masaru Tanaka 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(9):1383-1390
Grouping behavior has various types of antipredator functions. Some of these functions require social transmission of information,
such as the many-eyes effect, whereas others do not, such as the dilution and confusion effects. Functions of grouping behavior
would enhance with social transmission among group members. We investigated and compared the onsets of schooling behavior
and social transmission of information in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus. Onset of schooling behavior was observed in rearing tanks by calculating the degree of parallel swimming. Onset of social
transmission was examined by using visual cues from conspecifics. A group of five individuals was put in each of three experimental
chambers from which they could see a group of conspecifics in the neighboring chamber. A weak electric stimulus was given
to one of these chambers, and information transfer among individuals was observed. We found that social transmission by visual
cues started on 30 days posthatching (25.1 mm in standard length), which was 2 weeks after the onset of schooling behavior.
The late onset of social transmission relative to schooling behavior might be attributed to different predation pressure with
development, or by underdevelopment of optic tectum, as the volume of the optic tectum did not increase just after the onset
of schooling behavior. 相似文献
65.
KClO3对龙眼产期的调控效应 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
以自行配制、主要有效成份为KClO3的龙眼产期调控剂进行田间试验.结果表明:催花土壤施用剂量以每平方米树冠面积180g效果最佳;不同品种龙眼对药物的敏感程度不同,以石硖、储良龙眼最为敏感,平均抽花率可达80%以上.不同季节和不同梢期施药,龙眼抽花率存在显著差别;药剂干施回泥后淋水、干施淋水后回泥和拌水淋施这3种土壤给药方式的促花效果差异不显著;反季节与正造栽培收获的龙眼相比,果实质量存在一定差异,春季收获的果实个大肉厚,外观较佳,但糖份含量等品质指标则较差.KClO3调控龙眼产期的效果明显,配合相应的树体管理和土壤水分养分调控措施,可实现龙眼产期的人工合理控制.表7参20 相似文献
66.
Summary. Ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Laws. (Pinaceae), forests in Arizona have suffered from a nine-year period of drought and bark beetle, Ips lecontei Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), outbreaks. Abiotic and biotic stress in ponderosa pine results in the induced synthesis
of certain monoterpenes that may in turn affect bark beetle behavior and survival. In this study, we investigate whether induced
monoterpene production could result in a different monoterpene composition that remains stored in the needles or the trunk
resin of the tree. Needle and resin samples in addition to trunk cores were collected from ponderosa pines at three locations
in Arizona. Ungulate browsing induced a significant increase in limonene (P=0.010) and in chemodiversity (P=0.009), a measure
of the evenness of distribution among the monoterpenes present in needles. We compared the level of ‘stress’ of the trees
by measuring the thickness of annual rings in living trees and those that were killed by bark beetles. Where drought occurred,
the spacing of annual rings from the last 10 years of trees killed by bark beetles was significantly smaller (P=0.020) compared
to living trees. There was no difference in the monoterpene composition between the core sections of closest spacing of annual
rings (stressed years) compared to the sections of widest spacing, which indicates that monoterpenes are distributed evenly
throughout the extended resin system. In the area where the degree of drought was less overall, none of the individual monoterpenes
present in the resin was related to bark beetle killed trees. However, about half the living pines had resin in which one
of the major monoterpenes (α-pinene, Δ3-carene, and limonene) was absent, and these trees had a lower monoterpene chemodiversity compared to trees killed by bark
beetles. Trees with these three major monoterpenes, corresponding to the average relative proportion in living pines at that
location, may sustain higher selection and colonization by bark beetles. 相似文献
67.
Christoph Grüter Luis E. Acosta Walter M. Farina 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,60(5):707-715
Transfer of information about food source characteristics within insect societies is essential to colony-foraging success. The food odor communicated within honeybee hives has been shown to be important for food source exploitation. When successful foragers return to the nest and transfer the collected nectar to hive mates through mouth-to-mouth contacts (trophallaxis), potential recruits receiving these samples learn the food odor by associative learning. The food then becomes rapidly distributed among colony members, which is mainly a consequence of the numerous trophallaxes between hive-mates of all ages during food processing. We tested whether the distribution of food among hive mates causes a propagation of olfactory information within the hive. Using the proboscis extension response paradigm, we show that large proportions of bees of the age groups representing the main worker castes, 4 to 9-day-old bees (nurse-aged bees), 12 to 16-day-old bees (food processor-aged bees), and actual foragers (about 17+ day old bees) associatively learn the food odor in the course of processing food that has been collected by only a few foragers. Results further suggest that the information is shared more or less equally between bees of the three age groups. This shows that olfactory information about the flower species exploited by foragers is distributed within the entire colony and is acquired by bees of all age groups, which may influence many behaviors inside and outside the hive. 相似文献
68.
斜坡稳定性的二级模糊推断 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
根据对斜坡稳定性影响的大小,选取了七个主要因于,引用了山西明水河流域几个斜坡样点实测数据.应用模糊近似推论方法及信息分配原理,对斜坡稳定性进行了单因子灰色隶属度分析及综合二级模糊近似推论,该方法克服了传统单因子评价的弊端,能比较真实地反映实际,为布设护坡工程提供了理论依据。 相似文献
69.
70.