GIS在水污染控制中的研究与探讨

地理信息系统(GIS)是专门用于地理空间信息处理和管理的计算机技术系统，造成城市水污染的污染源及其相关数据均具有空间分布特性，这决定了GIS可在该领域发挥重要作用。GIS能支持与水环境有关的地理空间数据的获取、管理、分析、模拟和显示，以解决复杂的水环境综合治理问题和水污染控制问题；同时，建立完善的空间数据库和属性数据库，为环境保护部门和科研部门提供研究与决策支持。本文就GIS在水污染控制这一领域的应用做一定探讨。     

基于信息相对重要性的主成分法优选环境测点

提出将单项污染物测值反映的信息量表示为相对重要性和将单项污染物的相对重要性综合为多项污染物的综合相对重要性的计算公式。根据测点信息的综合相对重要性,再用主成分子集合选择法优化选点。该方法不仅减少了计算量,也易于确定多项污染物的综合优化点。该方法用于贵阳市大气环境测点优选出的测点能反映该市的环境质量。      

不同碳源对两株真菌纤维素酶合成的诱导和调控

定时测定B-6(Aspergillus sp.)、AS3.3711(Trichoderma sp.)在各类碳源中的纤维素酶活力，结果发现，酶的合成受培养基中碳源性质的调节控制。结构相对完整的纤维类物质（α-纤维素粉、微晶纤维素）诱导活性较高，电泳结果表明，纤维素酶系是协同表达的，但酶系各组分的百分比在不同的诱导条件下却各不相同。在测定糖耗与酶活力的关系中发现纤维二糖直接诱导B-6纤维素酶的合成，对AS3.3711则起了间接诱导作用，其经菌体代谢后的某种转化产物才是AS3.3711纤维素酶合成的真正诱导源。图6表1参14     

Thanks but no thanks: A new policy to reduce land conflict

Land conflicts in developing countries are costly both directly and through increased land degradation. An important policy goal is to create respect for borders. This often involves mandatory, expensive interventions. We propose a new policy design, which in theory promotes neighborly relations at low cost. A salient feature is the option to by-pass regulation through consensus. The key idea combines the insight that social preferences transform social dilemmas into coordination problems with the logic of forward induction. As a first, low-cost pass at empirical evaluation, we conduct an experiment among farmers in the Ethiopian highlands, a region exhibiting features typical of countries where borders are often disputed.     

基于GIS的城市公共安全规划信息系统研究

随着城市建设步伐的加快和城市人口的急剧膨胀,各种灾害事故发生的频度和程度迅速增加,使得城市的可持续发展受到严重威胁,城市公共安全面临空前的挑战,建立城市公共安全规划信息系统势在必行。介绍了以地理信息系统为开发平台,实现安全规划对象海量数据的可视化、规范化、条理化及可编辑化,并根据城市各类防救灾设施的规划标准与建构模式,建立城市救灾单元区域和危险源区域,得出救灾单位的有效服务范围和危险源的风险范围,利用G IS的分析统计功能,快速统计出区域内人口及资源,依此计算救灾单位应具备的资源量,并合理组织危险源区域内人口的转移搬迁工作。     

Oxidative stress mediated cytotoxicity of TiO2 nano anatase in liver and kidney of Wistar rat

This study examined the adverse effects of TiO₂ nanoparticle (nano-TiO₂) on the kidney and liver of Wistar rats. Changes of serum biochemical parameters and pathological lesions indicated that liver and kidney were significantly affected in animals treated with 50?mg?kg^?1 of nano-TiO₂. The inverse relationship between the level of reactive oxygen species and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase indicates that nano-TiO₂ induces oxidative stress. A significant increase in the apoptosis of liver and kidney in a dose-dependent manner was also observed. The ultrastructural observations confirmed the internalization of nano-TiO₂ and their direct involvement in the mitochondria-mediated cytotoxicity. Data indicated that nano-TiO₂ induce oxidative stress which produces genotoxicity such as oxidative DNA damage, micronuclei (MN) induction, and cell apoptosis in liver and kidney.     

改进的产业碳关联系数及应用 ——以上海为例

投入产出分析中重要的影响力系数和感应度系数被引入到我国的产业环境关联研究中,但采用的计算方法却多是存在缺陷的传统公式,对指标的政策意义解读也有待深入.在梳理2项指标前沿发展的基础上,以部门最终产品构成系数为权数,改进了表征产业碳关联的碳影响力系数和碳影响诱导系数(代替原碳感应度系数)的计算公式,并指出前者主要对应产业政策,对部门划分水平较不敏感,而后者主要对应节能减排政策,对部门划分水平较敏感.将改进的指标应用于2010年上海市,结果表明,其产业政策应扶植服务业和先进制造业,鼓励重化工业和专用设备制造业转型,逐步淘汰多数传统中低端制造业,节能减排政策的重点实施部门则应扩大到部分高能耗服务业.     

Quantitative Pollution Spill Risk Assessment: Using A Gis-Based System

Federal and State agencies have recently advocated risk-based analysis as a mechanism for advancing regulatory reform and safety determination in marine systems. the present investigation promotes this objective through the development of risk-based environmental planning strategies for oil spill contingency plans. This alternative approach to contingency planning departs from conventional methodology by employing quantitative risk assessment methods to identify hazardous oil spill zones and sensitive environmental areas, R_o and R_e respectively. the product of this conversion is referenced on a single “Risk” layer within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework allowing coastal managers to evaluate natural resource data with associated elements of oil spill risk. As a new tool for coastal pollution management, risk-based environmental planning strategies have shown potential for evolving more efficient oil spill contingency plans.     

Where are the Sunday babies? III. Caesarean sections,decreased weekend births,and midwife involvement in Germany

A previous study has shown a marked and continuing decline in weekend births in Germany between 1988 and 2003 (Lerchl, Naturwissenschaften 92:592-594, 2005). The present study was performed to investigate the possible influence of caesarean sections (CS) on weekend birth number and on the involvement of midwives in births for all 16 German states for the year 2003. In total, data from 706,721 births were sorted according to weekday of births and state, respectively, and the weekend births avoidance rates were calculated. Weekend births were consistently less frequent than births during the week, with an average of -15.3% for all states and due to fewer births on Saturdays (-13.6%) and Sundays (-16.7%). Between the states, weekend births avoidance rates ranged from -11.6% (Bremen) to -24.2% (Saarland). The proportion of CS was 25.5% for all states, ranging from 19.2% (Sachsen and Sachsen-Anhalt) to 30.5% (Saarland). CS and weekend births avoidance rates were significantly correlated, consistent with the hypothesis that primary (planned) CS are regularly scheduled on weekdays. The number of births per midwife (BPM) was calculated according to the number of active members in the states' professional midwives' organizations. The mean number of BPM was 59.5, ranging from 45.2 (Bremen) to 82.4 (Sachsen-Anhalt). CS and BPM were significantly correlated, consistent with the hypothesis that higher CS ratios are associated with lower midwife involvement in births. It is concluded that the decline in weekend births and lower involvement of midwives are caused, at least in part, by an increased number of caesarean sections.     

Estimation of thermodynamic parameters of the biosphere, based on remote sensing

A method that allows the estimation of the thermodynamic parameters of the biosphere has been developed. It results in the subdivision of the following four phase states of the biosphere: three equilibrium states: “white planet” with high albedo and low entropy; temperate forest in winter with high entropy; and desert with high entropy; and one nonequilibrium state: the “active forests” with low entropy, high information gain and the highest exergy values. The phase shift to a nonequilibrium state happens when albedo is less than 0.2.