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991.
河长制从地方性实验到获得全国推广并正式写入法律,不过短短十年时间。河长制的成功之处在于解决了河湖管理保护"多龙治水"的困局,并调动了地方政府治水的积极性。但河长制也面临着高度依赖河长个人与考核制度的隐忧,其发展过程始终伴随着人治与法治之争、应急机制与长效机制之辩,以及重奖励轻惩罚、强化权力集中弱化公众参与的评价。提升与完善河长制可以从制度内与制度外两个方面着手:制度内的提升是指河长制内部机制的改良,包括考核制度的完善、公众参与水平的提高;制度外的提升是指与河长制配套的制度环境建设,包括环保行政队伍与行政执法力度的加强,以及与水环境治理相关的市场工具、政策工具与法律工具的综合 运用。 相似文献
992.
An individual-oriented model is constructed which simulates the collective foraging behaviour of a colony of honey-bees,
Apis mellifera. Each bee follows the same set of behavioural rules. Each rule consists of a set of conditions followed by the behavioural
act to be performed if the conditions are fulfilled. The set of conditions comprises the state of external information available
to the bee (e.g. the dancing of other bees) and internal information variables (like memorised location of a food source and
homing motivation). The rules are partly observational (i.e. they capture the observable regularities between the present
external information and the individual bee's behaviour), and partly involve hypothesised internal-state variables (e.g. abandoning
tendency and homing motivation), because no observable (physiological) aspect has as yet been detected in the bee which correlates
with changes in the internal motivation. Our aim is to obtain a set of rules that is necessary and sufficient for the generation
of the collective foraging behaviour observed in real bees. We simulated an experiment performed by Seeley et al. in which
a colony of honey-bees chooses between two nectar sources of different profitabilities which are switched at intervals. A
good fit between observed and simulated collective forager patterns was obtained when the model included rules in which the
bees (1) relied on the information acquired from previous flights to a source (e.g. profitability and time of day when the
source was found), (2) used positional information obtained by attending recruitment dances and (3) did not abandon a (temporarily)
deteriorated source too fast or too slowly. The significance of the following issues is discussed: the role of internal and
external information, source profitability, the spatial precision of the dance communication, the ability to search for a
source after the source position has been transmitted, the tendency to abandon a deteriorated source, and the concepts of
scout, recruit, (un)employed forager, and foraging history.
Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 16 May 1998 相似文献
993.
Decomposition studies were carried out at sites throughout Sweden, including the four Integrated Monitoring sites. Scots pine
needle litterbag weight loss measurements over 3 or 5 years were determined at 26 sites and repeated up to 27 times, depending
on the site. Humus layer respiration rates were determined for 20 sites in 1987–1989 and repeated in 2007–2008. Partial Least
Squares (PLS) regression was used to elucidate the relative importance of climatic and soil factors. Annual needle weight
losses decreased only slowly (20–10%) over 3–5 years for all northern (>60°N) sites but decreased sharply from 30 to 10% in
the third year in southern (<60°N) sites. Respiration rates of southern sites were less (40% on average) than those of northern
sites. Humus layer N was positively correlated to needle weight loss during the first and the second years, but negatively
correlated in the third year and to respiration rates. The results indicated that litter formed in southern Sweden became
more recalcitrant in later stages of decomposition compared to litter produced in northern Sweden. 相似文献
994.
介绍了国内燃煤电厂"烟塔合一"技术的应用现状,结合实际情况阐述了"烟塔合一"环境防护距离设置的必要性,列举工程实例说明现阶段大气环境防护距离估算方法。 相似文献
995.
Banias G Achillas Ch Vlachokostas Ch Moussiopoulos N Papaioannou I 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2011,31(12):2497-2502
Wastes from construction activities constitute nowadays the largest by quantity fraction of solid wastes in urban areas. In addition, it is widely accepted that the particular waste stream contains hazardous materials, such as insulating materials, plastic frames of doors, windows, etc. Their uncontrolled disposal result to long-term pollution costs, resource overuse and wasted energy. Within the framework of the DEWAM project, a web-based Decision Support System (DSS) application - namely DeconRCM - has been developed, aiming towards the identification of the optimal construction and demolition waste (CDW) management strategy that minimises end-of-life costs and maximises the recovery of salvaged building materials. This paper addresses both technical and functional structure of the developed web-based application. The web-based DSS provides an accurate estimation of the generated CDW quantities of twenty-one different waste streams (e.g. concrete, bricks, glass, etc.) for four different types of buildings (residential, office, commercial and industrial). With the use of mathematical programming, the DeconRCM provides also the user with the optimal end-of-life management alternative, taking into consideration both economic and environmental criteria. The DSS's capabilities are illustrated through a real world case study of a typical five floor apartment building in Thessaloniki, Greece. 相似文献
996.
997.
Duretz S Drouet JL Durand P Hutchings NJ Theobald MR Salmon-Monviola J Dragosits U Maury O Sutton MA Cellier P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(11):3162-3170
Modelling nitrogen transfer and transformation at the landscape scale is relevant to estimate the mobility of the reactive forms of nitrogen (Nr) and the associated threats to the environment. Here we describe the development of a spatially and temporally explicit model to integrate Nr transfer and transformation at the landscape scale. The model couples four existing models, to simulate atmospheric, farm, agro-ecosystem and hydrological Nr fluxes and transformations within a landscape. Simulations were carried out on a theoretical landscape consisting of pig-crop farms interspersed with unmanaged ecosystems. Simulation results illustrated the effect of spatial interactions between landscape elements on Nr fluxes and losses to the environment. More than 10% of the total N2O emissions were due to indirect emissions. The nitrogen budgets and transformations of the unmanaged ecosystems varied considerably, depending on their location within the landscape. The model represents a new tool for assessing the effect of changes in landscape structure on Nr fluxes. 相似文献
998.
城镇污水处理厂低浓度连续进水间歇曝气运行模式分析 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据南方城镇污水处理厂建成运行初期的实际运行情况,对低浓度进水的运行模式进行了分析和研究。运行中,污水处理厂MISS浓度调整为25g/L,采用曝气3h、停曝5h、连续进水的运行模式,实现了生物系统稳定运行,出水达标。 相似文献
999.
1000.
This paper analyzes livelihood change and livelihood sustainability of households in the upland part of the Lembang subwatershed,
West Sumatra, in response to changes in the natural resource management context during the last decade. Using the sustainable
livelihood framework (SLF), we measured livelihood changes at two separate points in time, 1996 and 2006, and assessed their
environmental, economic, social, and institutional sustainability. We found that people with a low income had less access
to capital assets than people from middle- and high-income groups. Our analysis revealed, however, that access to capital
assets increased over time, and that poor households experienced economic improvement, indicating an overall increase in economic
sustainability. Environmental sustainability, however, is threatened by intensive agricultural practices such as high agrochemical
input and intensive soil tillage on steep slopes, leading to pollution and soil erosion. Social sustainability is also a matter
of concern: while social exclusion has been reduced, income inequity has increased. Institutional sustainability is likely
to remain uncertain, as local institutions for natural resource management are still weak, despite the fact that decentralization
has been implemented during the last 8 years. External facilitation is needed to improve the livelihood of upland people while,
at the same time, enhancing the sustainability of watershed management. Strengthening local institutions, conserving natural
resources, and promoting environmentally sound agricultural practices are the three most important policies to be promoted
within the watershed. 相似文献