用修正的E-L模型描述二元VOCs气体在活性炭上的吸附平衡

对不同VOCs气体二元吸附平衡进行了研究。结果表明,对于甲苯-苯、甲苯-乙酸乙酯、甲苯-丙酮、丙酮-乙酸乙酯及苯-丙酮二元吸附体系,吸附过程存在置换现象,即随着高沸点组分在床层内吸附量的逐渐增加,相对挥发性大的低沸点组分更易脱附,出现高沸点组分置换低沸点组分的现象,表现为被置换组分的穿透曲线上出现峰值;但对于苯-乙酸乙...     

Water/acid gas interfacial tensions and their impact on acid gas geological storage

Acid gas geological disposal is a promising process to reduce CO₂ atmospheric emissions and an environment-friendly and economic alternative to the transformation of H₂S into sulphur by the Claus process. Acid gas confinement in geological formations is to a large extent controlled by the capillary properties of the water/acid–gas/caprock system, because a significant fraction of the injected gas rises buoyantly and accumulates beneath the caprock. These properties include the water/acid gas interfacial tension (IFT), to which the so-called capillary entry pressure of the gas in the water-saturated caprock is proportional. In this paper we present the first ever systematic water/acid gas IFT measurements carried out by the pendant drop technique under geological storage conditions. We performed IFT measurements for water/H₂S systems over a large range of pressure (up to P = 15 MPa) and temperature (up to T = 120 °C). Water/H₂S IFT decreases with increasing P and levels off at around 9–10 mN/m at high T (≥70 °C) and P (>12 MPa). The latter values are around 30–40% of water/CO₂ IFTs, and around 20% of water/CH₄ IFTs at similar T and P conditions. The IFT between water and a CO₂ + H₂S mixture at T = 77 °C and P > 7.5 MPa is observed to be approximately equal to the molar average IFT of the water/CO₂ and water/H₂S binary mixtures. Thus, when the H₂S content in the stored acid gas increases the capillary entry pressure decreases, together with the maximum height of acid gas column and potential storage capacity of a given geological formation. Hence, considerable attention should be exercised when refilling with a H₂S-rich acid gas a depleted gas reservoir, or a depleted oil reservoir with a gas cap: in the case of hydrocarbon reservoirs that were initially (i.e., at the time of their discovery) close to capillary leakage, acid gas leakage through the caprock will inevitably occur if the refilling pressure approaches the initial reservoir pressure.     

混合单体对等离子体法改性PTFE膜微生物亲和性能的影响

膜材料氧传质性能和微生物亲和性对MABR（膜曝气生物膜反应器）的稳定运行及处理效果有重要影响,为探究混合单体对等离子体法改性PTFE（聚四氟乙烯）膜微生物亲和性能的影响,采用两步等离子体法分别在PTFE膜表面接枝聚合DOPA（左旋多巴）/GMA（甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯）、Lys（赖氨酸）/GMA、BA（苯胺）/GMA和DEA（乙二胺）/GMA四种混合单体,测定改性前、后PTFE膜的微生物亲和性,并进一步确定最佳混合单体改性PTFE膜的氧传质性能.结果表明:与未改性PTFE膜和仅接枝聚合GMA单体改性复合膜相比,DOPA/GMA、Lys/GMA、BA/GMA和DEA/GMA混合单体改性复合膜表面的微生物亲和性均有提高;Lys/GMA混合单体改性复合膜表面的微生物亲和性最佳,显著高于未改性PTFE膜,膜表面的生物量用ρ（DNA）和ρ（TOC）表示,分别为9.67 ng/μL和103.44 mg/L,比未改性PTFE膜高出34.7%和286.0%,同时其膜表面的生物量增加速度最快;DOPA/GMA和DEA/GMA混合单体改性膜表面的微生物亲和性相近,且高于BA/GMA混合单体改性膜;Lys/GMA混合单体改性复合膜的最大氧传质系数为1.17 m/d（操作压力为35 kPa）,显著高于未改性PTFE膜的0.48 m/d（操作压力为11 kPa）.研究显示,两步等离子体法接枝聚合的混合单体改性能够同时改善PTFE膜的微生物亲和性和氧传质性能,更适合于制备MABR复合膜,可为开发MABR专用膜材料提供理论基础和技术支持.      

生物填料在废水处理中的应用及研究进展

概述了废水处理中生物填料的应用现状和发展,首先介绍了常用填料,如定型固定式填料、悬挂式填料及分散型填料在废水处理中的应用,其次以亲水、生物亲和及生物亲和亲水磁性填料为代表,对新型填料在废水处理中的应用作了阐述。     

铜绿微囊藻胞内DOM光降解及其对芘结合能力的影响

利用紫外可见吸收光谱法及荧光光谱法研究有氧和缺氧条件下紫外线A波段(UV-A)辐照对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)胞内溶解性有机质(IDOM)(M. aeruginosa-IDOM)光降解行为,并考察光降解对其与芘结合能力的影响.结果表明,M. aeruginosa-IDOM经6d光降解后,有氧组中溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度及其吸收系数a₃₅₅降解幅度均高于缺氧组.有氧及缺氧状态下M. aeruginosa-IDOM光降解过程中吸光度比值E2/E3(250nm/365nm)变化相似,但254nm处比紫外吸收值(SUVA₂₅₄)变化不同.激发–发射三维荧光光谱法(EEMs)结合平行因子(PARAFAC)分析,结果显示, M. aeruginosa-IDOM中类蛋白C1、长波激发类腐殖质C2及短波激发类腐殖质C3荧光强度在两种光降解条件下变化趋势不同. M. aeruginosa-IDOM光降解过程符合一级降解动力学特征的参数,在有氧组中降解半衰期均短于缺氧组.此外,光降解过程中,有氧组M. aeruginosa-IDOM与芘结合能力降低,但缺氧组M. aeruginosa-IDOM与芘结合能力先下降后增加.     

反应条件对苛求芽孢杆菌胞内尿酸酶与嘌呤衍生物作用的影响

用底物尿酸的紫外吸收变化跟踪反应,用单或双底物米氏方程和初速度估算苛求芽孢杆菌胞内尿酸酶最大反应速度,按Arrenius经验公式得到该尿酸酶在pH 9.2和pH 7.4的活化能,但这些活化不能解释其在两个pH下的催化活性差异.该酶同常见嘌呤衍生物氧嗪酸、黄嘌呤和尿酸有亲和力,但对尿酸亲和力最低,且亲和力与嘌呤衍生物解离成阴离子的能力相关.在生理条件下,该酶对尿酸的亲和力相对于最适条件有显著下降.据此推测,优化静电相互作用选择性增强该酶对尿酸的亲和力是提高其成药性的可能措施之一.     

Design of nanofibre interlayer supported forward osmosis composite membranes and its evaluation in fouling study with cleaning

• A fine fibre (40–60 nm diameter) interlayer (~1 µm thickness) was electrospun. • Fine fibre interlayer promoted formation of defect-free dense polyamide layer. • FO membrane with dual-layer substrate had less organic fouling potential. • High reverse salt flux accelerated organic fouling on FO membrane. Nanofibre-supported forward osmosis (FO) membranes have gained popularity owing to their low structural parameters and high water flux. However, the nanofibrous membranes are less stable in long-term use, and their fouling behaviours with foulants in both feed solution (FS) and draw solution (DS) is less studied. This study developed a nanofibrous thin-film composite (TFC) FO membrane by designing a tiered dual-layer nanofibrous substrate to enhance membrane stability during long-term usage and cleaning. Various characterisation methods were used to study the effect of the electrospun nanofibre interlayer and drying time, which is the interval after removing the M-phenylenediamine (MPD) solution and before reacting with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) solution, on the intrinsic separation FO performance. The separation performance of the dual-layer nanofibrous FO membranes was examined using model foulants (sodium alginate and bovine serum albumin) in both the FS and DS. The dual-layer nanofibrous substrate was superior to the single-layer nanofibrous substrate and showed a flux of 30.2 L/m²/h (LMH) when using 1.5 mol/L NaCl against deionised (DI) water in the active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) mode. In the fouling test, the water flux was effectively improved without sacrificing the water/solute selectivity under the condition that foulants existed in both the FS and DS. In addition, the dual-layer nanofibrous TFC FO membrane was more robust during the fouling test and cleaning.     

Unusual thermal properties of graphene origami crease:A molecular dynamics study

Graphene is a two-dimensional material that can be folded into diverse and yet interesting nanostructures like macro-scale paper origami.Folding of graphene not only makes different morphological configurations but also modifies their mechanical and thermal properties. Inspired by paper origami, herein we studied systemically the effects of creases, where sp² to sp³ bond transformation occurs, on the thermal properties of graphene origami using molecular dynamics(MD) simula...     

低氧污泥丝状菌膨胀的呼吸图谱特征分析

目前对污泥丝状菌膨胀的研究主要关注出水水质和沉降性等特征,而鲜有关于活性污泥微生物生理状态的报道.针对这一问题,采用降低SBR系统中溶解氧(DO)这一引发污泥丝状菌膨胀的典型条件,研究了污泥丝状菌膨胀过程中微生物受冲击过程中呼吸图谱与亲和系数的变化.结果表明,降低DO初期,微生物进入生理适应期,其特征为活性污泥内源比耗氧呼吸速率(SOURe)突然上升,自养菌比耗氧呼吸速率(SOURn)大幅下降,异养菌比耗氧呼吸速率(SOURc)小幅下降后迅速上升,同时氧亲和系数KO突增;维持低DO时期特征为出水水质和沉降性恶化,但SOURn和SOURc均恢复至较高水平,且COD亲和系数KS和氧亲和系数KO逐步减小,从理论上证明了低DO环境下足够的水力停留时间可以使出水水质更好,也就说明微生物通过适应性调整可以适应低DO环境,从呼吸代谢和动力学参数的角度验证了"低氧曝气理论"的可行性.研究成果对于污水处理厂节能提供新的理论支持.     

纤维素降解复合菌系中纤维结合蛋白的分离及鉴定

采用亲和消化法分离纯化了纤维素降解复合菌系中的纤维素结合蛋白,纯化后的纤维结合蛋白液经SDS-PAGE(聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳)后得到13条条带(命名为CBP1~13),通过对其进行酶谱分析,发现低分子量的蛋白主要表现CMC(羧甲基纤维素钠)酶活性,而高分子量(66~200 k Da)的蛋白兼有CMC酶和木聚糖酶的活性,其中纤维结合蛋白CBP6表现出的木聚糖酶和CMC酶活性最强.这些条带经质谱鉴定后被确定由8种蛋白组成,除CBP4为Paenibacillus sp.分泌的木聚糖酶5外,其余的蛋白均由C.clariflavum DSM 19732所产生,其中CBP1~3为β-1,4木聚糖酶,CBP5,6为碳水化合物结合蛋白,CBP7~9,11,12为锚定蛋白,CBP10和CBP13为未知蛋白.通过结构域预测,发现除纤维结合蛋白CBP13外所有的蛋白均具有一种催化结构域,分别隶属于第8、9、10及48家族的糖苷水解酶,而部分蛋白(CBP1,2,4~6)还具有碳水化合物结构域或者锚定蛋白结构域(CBP5~12).