催化铁内电解-生化法处理印染废水

纺织印染废水水质变化大、色度高,直接生物处理难度大.采用催化铁内电解法对浙江某地区的印染废水进行预处理,有效地去除了对生物有抑制的有机物,为后续的生化处理创造了有利条件,COD_Cr去除率达到85%;过去难以解决的色度问题也得到了有效的解决,可去除废水色度90%以上.另外,简要探讨了金属粒径,pH,温度等因素对去除有机物的影响.近40 d的连续流试验证明,内电解-生化工艺具有处理效果好、出水水质稳定、工艺设备简单、操作管理方便、能耗低等特点,是处理印染废水的有效方法之一.      

硝基苯类化合物在铜电极上的电还原特性和还原机理

采用循环伏安法,对硝基苯类化合物在铜电极表面上的电还原特性进行了研究,评价了它们在铜电极上的电还原反应活性,分析了此类化合物在铜电极上的还原机理,并且讨论了电还原反应活性和此类化合物结构之间的关系．结果表明,硝基苯类化合物在铜电极表面有还原电位,也就是说,能在铜电极表面被直接还原．     

Degradation of monofluorophenols in water irradiated with gaseous plasma

Decomposition of aqueous monofluorophenols (MFPs) was investigated by contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). During CGDE, both MFPs and the corresponding total organic carbon (TOC) in water were consumed smoothly, suggesting that carbon atoms of benzene nucleus could be eventually mineralized to inorganic carbon (IC). And all the fluorine atoms in the MFPs were equally converted to fluoride ions. Based on the primary intermediates from each starting materials, it showed that aromatic hydroxylation preferentially occurred at the para-or ortho-position to the phenolic OH group of each MFPs. The disappearance of both MFPs and TOC followed the first-order rate law. The apparent rate constants for the decay of MFPs were independent from the pK_a values of MFPs.     

游离亚硝酸预处理对剩余污泥电解及微生物群落结构的影响

为打破传统厌氧发酵周期长,有机质利用率低等瓶颈,增强污泥的资源利用和能源回收,探讨了游离亚硝酸（FNA）预处理对剩余污泥电解效果及微生物群落的影响.对比分析了FNA预处理前后剩余污泥在微生物电解池（MEC）中的电流和氢气产生、溶解性有机物和挥发酸的释放和利用及功能菌群的变化情况.结果表明,FNA预处理能有效地促进剩余污泥在MEC系统中的水解和酸化,其溶解性糖类、蛋白和挥发酸的含量远高于未预处理组,进而促进了水解发酵菌、产电菌及反硝化菌的生长和富集,最终挥发酸利用率均在97%以上,表现为电流（1.9mA）和氢气（0.86mL/g VSS）的增强,分别是空白组的3.8倍和5.1倍.     

A strategy for enhancing anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge: Driving anodic oxidation by adding nitrate into microbial electrolysis cell

Cathodic reduction of CO₂ and anodic oxidation of organic matters are crucial to methane-producing microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) applied in anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. However, cathodic CO₂ reduction is usually restrained by slow metabolism rates of H₂-utilizing methanogens and low electron-capturing capacity of CO₂, which consequently slows down the anodic oxidation that participates to sludge disintegration. Herein, a strategy with adding nitrate as electron acceptor to foster electronic transfer between the anode and cathode was proposed to improve anodic oxidation. Results showed that the average efficiency of anodic oxidation in the nitrate-added MEC increased by 55.9%. Accordingly, volatile suspended solid removal efficiency in the nitrate-added MEC was 21.9% higher than that of control MEC. Although the initial cumulative methane production in the nitrate-added MEC was lower than that of control MEC, the cumulative methane production in 24?days was 8.9% higher. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that anodic oxidation of MEC with nitrate accelerated the disintegration of sludge flocs and cell walls. Calculation on current signal further revealed that anodic oxidation driven by cathodic nitrate reduction was the main mechanism responsible for the improved sludge digestion.     

操作条件对电氧化去除废水中有机污染物的影响研究

为优化电催化氧化操作条件、降低能耗,考察了电解温度、直流电源电流密度、方波脉冲电源频率、占空比等工艺控制参数对苯酚模拟有机废水COD去除率的影响。同时,以水杨酸为羟基自由基(·OH)捕捉剂,通过高效液相色谱分析技术对不同电氧化操作条件下·OH的生成量进行间接检测。结果发现,苯酚溶液的COD去除率随电解温度的升高而下降,随电流密度的增大而升高;随着脉冲频率与占空比的增加,苯酚溶液COD去除率均呈现先升高后下降的规律,在脉冲频率为500Hz、占空比为50%时达到最高。操作条件对·OH生成量的影响与其对苯酚溶液COD去除率的影响规律一致,表明操作条件通过影响生成及进入到电解体系中的·OH量从而影响电氧化效率。比较发现,脉冲电源的单位COD处理能耗相比直流电源降低44%,具有明显节能效果。     

Ti/Sb-SnO2功能电极的制备及电化学处理废水的性能

采用热分解法制备了Ti/Sb-SnO2电极,并用XRD、SEM对电极涂层进行表征.研究了涂层次数对于析氧过电位的影响,应用阳极快速寿命测试法测试了Ti/Sb-SnO2电极的使用寿命,通过极化曲线考察了电极的析氧过电位.采用该电极对甲基橙模拟废水进行了电化学降解实验,并考察此电极处理实际废水的效果.研究表明,随着涂层次数...     

论民国初年我国的政府救灾行政系统

作为国家行政要务的救灾,民国初年中央政府救灾机关是内务部,内务部的权力职掌有一个变化的过程;虽然其名义上作为中央一级专门救灾机构,但由于机构初设.经验不足,再加上其他诸多因素的限制,无论是部务还是权限与其他部门如财政部,农商部等都颇有纠缠.至于地方政府救灾机构,作为地方政府组织机构的一部分,虽属专管,但有兼管之嫌.一些专门的赈济机构,只不过有时囡灾于公署内暂设,事毕即行撤消.当时除了政府救灾机构外,还存在着具有亚政府色彩社会救灾力量.内务部与地方救灾系统之隶属关系相对自由,并从上到下形成了一个错综复杂的网络格局.总体而论,民国初年的救灾机构从中央到地方都比清末进一步完善,其业务范围也逐渐趋于稳定,但由于中央政权极不稳定,内阁更替频繁,致使中央和地方国家机构撤设变化较多,从而引起救灾机构的相形混乱.     

依靠科技进步节能减排,提高钢铁行业发展的内力

节能减排是我国经济发展中必须解决的问题,特别是高耗能产业更应首当其冲。我国钢铁行业节能减排任务很重,但依靠科学技术的进步,提高了企业发展的内力,取得了一定的成绩。但是,钢铁业总能耗依然占到全国总能耗的14%以上,今后面临的节能减排任务仍很艰巨。     

电压对使用三维电极处理TNT废水的影响

本试验比较了三维电极电解法和二维电极电解法处理TNT废水的效果,考察了采用三维电极电解法时不同槽电压对电解效果的影响,并对电解机理作了初步探讨.实验表明,极板间距为4 cm、电动搅拌器转速250 r/min、电解时间为2h时,最佳的电解槽电压为15 V,此工艺条件下的COD、TOC的去除率分别为77.6%、62.7%.