Optimizing synthesis conditions of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) through aqueous reactivity assessment

Nanoscale iron particles (nZVI) is one of the most important engineered nanomaterials applied to environmental pollution control and abatement. Although a multitude of synthesis approaches have been proposed, a facile method to screen the reactivity of candidate nZVI materials produced using different methods or under varying synthesis conditions has yet been established. In this study, four reaction parameters were adjusted in the preparation of borohydride-reduced nZVI. The reductive properties of the resultant nanoparticles were assayed independently using two model aqueous contaminants, Cu(II) and nitrate. The results confirm that the reductive reactivity of nZVI is most sensitive to the initial concentration of iron precursor, borohydride feed rate, and the loading ratio of borohydride to ferric ion during particle synthesis. Solution mixing speed, in contrast, carries a relative small weight on the reactivity of nZVI. The two probing reactions (i.e., Cu(II) and nitrate reduction) are able to generate consistent and quantitative inference about the mass-normalized surface activity of nZVI. However, the nitrate assay is valid in dilute aqueous solutions only (50 mg·L⁻¹ or lower) due to accelerated deactivation of iron surface at elevated nitrate concentrations. Additional insights including the structural and chemical makeup of nZVI can be garnered from Cu(II) reduction assessments. The reactivity assays investigated in this study can facilitate screening of candidate materials or optimization of nZVI production parameters, which complement some of the more sophisticated but less chemically specific material characterization methods used in the nZVI research.     

微波催化氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液的正交试验

在微波辐射条件下,采用活性炭与Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液,并通过正交试验考察了微波辐射时间、pH、活性炭用量、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量对处理效果的影响.结果表明:pH对处理效果的影响最大,其次为活性炭用量、微波辐射时间、硫酸亚铁用量和H2O2用量;在100 mL水样中,最佳处理条件为活性炭2 g、H2O20.2 mL、硫酸亚铁0.834 g、pH 6、微波辐射时间10 min,垃圾渗滤液中的COD去除率达到75.36%.     

Metabolic uncoupler, 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide addition for sludge reduction and fouling control in a gravity-driven membrane bioreactor

• Effects of metabolic uncoupler TCS on the performances of GDMBR were evaluated. • Sludge EPS reduced and transformed into dissolved SMP when TCS was added. • Appropriate TCS increased the permeability and reduced cake layer fouling. • High dosage aggravated fouling due to compact cake layer with low bio-activity. The gravity-driven membrane bioreactor (MBR)system is promising for decentralized sewage treatment because of its low energy consumption and maintenance requirements. However, the growing sludge not only increases membrane fouling, but also augments operational complexities (sludge discharge). We added the metabolic uncoupler 3,3′,4′,5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCS) to the system to deal with the mentioned issues. Based on the results, TCS addition effectively decreased sludge ATP and sludge yield (reduced by 50%). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS; proteins and polysaccharides) decreased with the addition of TCS and were transformed into dissolved soluble microbial products (SMPs) in the bulk solution, leading to the break of sludge flocs into small fragments. Permeability was increased by more than two times, reaching 60–70 L/m²/h bar when 10–30 mg/L TCS were added, because of the reduced suspended sludge and the formation of a thin cake layer with low EPS levels. Resistance analyses confirmed that appropriate dosages of TCS primarily decreased the cake layer and hydraulically reversible resistances. Permeability decreased at high dosage (50 mg/L) due to the release of excess sludge fragments and SMP into the supernatant, with a thin but more compact fouling layer with low bioactivity developing on the membrane surface, causing higher cake layer and pore blocking resistances. Our study provides a fundamental understanding of how a metabolic uncoupler affects the sludge and bio-fouling layers at different dosages, with practical relevance for in situ sludge reduction and membrane fouling alleviation in MBR systems.     

A Contemporary,Sex‐Limited Change in Body Size of an Estuarine Turtle in Response to Commercial Fishing

Abstract: Juvenile growth rate and adult body size are important components of life‐history strategies because of their direct impact on fitness. The diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) is a sexually dimorphic, long‐lived turtle inhabiting brackish waters throughout the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. In parts of its range, terrapins face anthropogenically imposed mortality: juveniles of both sexes inadvertently enter commercial crab traps and drown. For adult females, the carapace eventually grows large enough that they cannot enter traps, whereas males almost never reach that critical size. We compared age structure, carapace dimensions, growth curves, and indices of sexual dimorphism for a Chesapeake Bay population of terrapins (where mortality of turtles is high due to crab traps) with contemporary terrapins from Long Island Sound and museum specimens from Chesapeake Bay (neither group subject to commercial crab traps). We also calculated the allochronic and synchronic rates of evolutionary change (haldanes) for males and females to measure the rate of trait change in a population or between populations, respectively. We found a dramatic shift to a younger male age structure, a decrease in the length of time to terminal female carapace size, a 15% increase in female carapace width, and an increase in sexual dimorphism in Chesapeake Bay. In a new twist, our results implicate a fishery in the selective increase in size of a reptilian bycatch species. These sex‐specific changes in life history and demography have implications for population viability that need to be considered when addressing conservation of this threatened turtle.     

不对称还原丙酮酸乙酯菌株的筛选及鉴定

以丙酮酸乙酯为底物,从成都某化工厂污水池及其附近土壤中分离到36株可将丙酮酸乙酯不对称还原成(S)-乳酸乙酯的菌株.经过多次复筛,最终获得了一株具有较高催化活性的酵母菌BTY18-6.在以该菌株静息细胞为催化剂,催化不对称还原丙酮酸乙酯合成(S)-乳酸乙酯的反应中,底物浓度为60 mmol/L时,底物转化率为86.9%,产物(S)-乳酸乙酯的ee值为88.7%.通过对其形态学、生理生化特征及其26S rDNA Dl/D2区域的分析表明,BTY18-6为胶红酵母.     

Reduction of hexavalent chromium with scrap iron in a fixed bed reactor

The reduction of hexavalent chromium by scrap iron was investigated in continuous long-term fixed bed system. The effects of pH, empty bed contact time (EBCT), and initial Cr(VI) concentration on Cr(VI) reduction were studied. The results showed that the pH, EBCT, and initial Cr(VI) concentration significantly affected the reduction capacity of scrap iron. The reduction capacity of scrap iron were 4.56, 1.51, and 0.57 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at pH 3, 5, and 7 (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, EBCT 2 min, and temperature 25°C), 0.51, 1.51, and 2.85 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at EBCTs of 0.5, 2.0, and 6.0 min (initial Cr(VI) concentration 4 mg·L^-1, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), and 2.99, 1.51, and 1.01 mg Cr(VI)·g^-1 Fe⁰ at influent concentrations of 1, 4, and 8 mg·L^-1 (EBCT 2 min, pH 5, and temperature 25°C), respectively. Fe(total) concentration in the column effluent continuously decreased in time, due to a decrease in time of the iron corrosion rate. The fixed bed reactor can be readily used for the treatment of drinking water containing low amounts of Cr(VI) ions, although the hardness and humic acid in water may shorten the lifetime of the reactor, the reduction capacity of scrap iron still achieved 1.98 mg Cr⁶⁺·g^-1 Fe. Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersion spectrometer and X-ray diffraction were conducted to examine the surface species of the scrap iron before and after its use. In addition to iron oxides and hydroxide species, iron-chromium complex was also observed on the reacted scrap iron.     

Selective reduction of NO by photo-SCR with ammonia in an annular fixed-film photoreactor

Gaseous NO was photocatalytically reduced at room temperature by photo-assisted selective catalytic reduction (photo-SCR) with ammonia over TiO₂ in this study. NO reduction efficiency and N₂ selectivity were determined from gases composition at the outlet stream of photoreactor. Effect of operating conditions, e.g. light intensity and inlet concentrations of ammonia and oxygen, on the NO reduction efficiency and N₂ selectivity were discussed to determine the feasible operating condition for photocatalytic reduction of NO. Experimental results showed that selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia over TiO₂ in the presence of oxygen was a spontaneous reaction in dark. The photoirradiation on the TiO₂ surface caused remarkable photocatalytic reduction of NO to form N₂, NO₂, and N₂O under 254 nm UV illuminations, while almost 90% of N₂ selectivity was achieved in this study. The ammonia and oxygen molecules played the roles of reductant and oxidant for NO reduction and active sites regeneration, respectively. The reduction of NO was found to be increased with the increase of inlet ammonia and oxygen concentrations until specific concentrations because of the limited active sites on the surface of TiO₂. The kinetic model proposed in this study can be used to reasonably describe the reaction mechanism of photo-SCR.     

基于CDEM露天煤矿顺倾软岩边坡三维稳定性分析

为解决露天煤矿顺倾层状软岩边坡稳定性这一技术难题,基于连续介质离散元数值模拟方法,从理论上探讨了降深与清帮至不同位置对顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的影响。结合白音华一号矿南帮工程实例,针对各煤层降深及清帮方案,基于CDEM数值算法对边坡稳定性进行计算,对比分析了坡体位移、应力分布及演化特征,进而阐明多个弱层对复合边坡产生的叠加效应,以及清帮减载对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明,白音华一号矿首采区南帮边坡变形不会对南排土场稳定性造成影响,揭露多个弱层对边坡变形与稳定性下降有一定的叠加效应,清帮不能显著提高边坡稳定性,但可减小作用在弱层上的法向应力和剪切应力,进而减缓滑坡发生的过程,提高边坡动态发展过程中的安全性。     

钴（Ⅱ）－过氧化氢－苯基荧光酮体系催化光度法测定痕量钴的研究

本文研究了钴（Ⅱ）催化过氧化氢氧化苯基荧光酮的褪色反应,测定了反应级数和表观活化能,建立了测定痕量地的新方法。２５℃时本法检出限为２９×１０－１３ｇ／ｍｌ,线性范围为０．０４～２ｎｇ／１０ｍｌ,催化反应表观活化能为５６．１５ＫＪ／ｍｏｌ。该方法己用于维生素Ｂ１２、人发和茶叶中痕量钴的测定．结果满意,相对标准偏差为２．４～３．４％。     

中国集成电路制造行业VOCs排放特征及控制对策

中国电子信息产业发展迅速,集成电路等电子器件产量不断增加.在集成电路制造的过程中,大量有机溶剂的使用导致VOCs的产生和排放,从而对大气环境造成影响.为掌握集成电路制造行业VOCs的排放特征,系统分析了其工艺流程和产排污环节,分析了行业废气收集和治理现状,通过对典型企业VOCs的排放监测,获得VOCs排放水平;采用排放因子法核算行业VOCs历史排放量,并基于行业排放特征及减排潜力分析,提出了相应的污染防治对策.结果表明：在集成电路制造中,VOCs排放环节主要集中在光刻、清洗、去胶等过程,1 m²集成电路产量约使用87 g有机溶剂,VOCs产生量较大;通过采取高效的VOCs治理技术,集成电路制造行业有组织排放水平较低,平均浓度为2.1 mg·m^-3,但厂界无组织排放浓度相对较高,平均浓度为0.78 mg·m^-3,接近国家标准的排放限值.根据排放量核算结果,2011—2016年中国集成电路制造行业VOCs排放量呈逐年上升的趋势,主要受产量增加而相应污染控制技术水平提升有限的影响,无组织排放量比重大,占排放总量的38.1%~45.1%.