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281.
Abstract: We examined how differences in local forest‐management institutions relate to disparate anthropogenic forest disturbance and forest conditions among three neighboring montane forests in Tanzania under centralized, comanaged, or communal management. Institutional differences have been shaped by decentralization reforms. We conducted semistructured interviews with members of forest management committees, local government, and village households and measured anthropogenic disturbance, tree structure, and species composition in forest plots. We assessed differences in governance system components of local institutions, including land tenure, decision‐making autonomy by forest users, and official and de facto processes of rule formation, monitoring, and enforcement among the three management strategies. We also assessed differences in frequencies of prohibited logging and subsistence pole cutting, and measures of forest condition. An adjacent research forest served as an ecological reference for comparison of forest conditions. Governance was similar for comanaged and centralized management, whereas communal managers had greater tenure security and decision‐making autonomy over the use and management of their forest. There was significantly less illegal logging in the communal forest, but subsistence pole cutting was common across all management strategies. The comanaged forest was most disturbed by recent logging and pole cutting, as were peripheral areas of the larger centralized forest. This manifested in more degraded indicators of forest conditions (lower mean tree size, basal area, density of trees ≥ 90 cm dbh, and aboveground biomass and higher overall stem density). Greater tenure security and institutional autonomy of the communal strategy contributed to more effective management, less illegal logging, and maintenance of good forest conditions, but generating livelihood benefits was a challenge for both decentralized strategies. Our results underscore the importance of well‐designed institutional arrangements in forest management and illustrate mechanisms for improved forest governance and conservation in the context of Tanzanian decentralization reforms. 相似文献
282.
We develop an understanding of local governmental efforts to address earthquake risks. Our data for a sample of California
and Washington cities' risk-reduction efforts sort into two different clusters of leading jurisdictions as contrasted with
a cluster of lagging jurisdictions. We explain differences among the three categories of cities in terms of different political-economic
factors. Local governmental willingness and ability to undertake risk-reduction programs have more to do with local political
demands and community resources than with objective risk or previous earthquake experience. State mandates have a selective
impact on local risk-reduction efforts. The principal policy lessons concern the need to address gaps in local risk-reduction
efforts through more careful targeting of federal and state earthquake programs and by including stronger teeth within state
mandates. 相似文献
283.
江苏省近40年洪涝灾害概况及防洪对策 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文分析了江苏省40a来洪涝灾害概况及1991年特大洪涝受灾情况。针对江苏实际,提出了减灾对策。 相似文献
284.
铁屑还原-鼓风氧化-石灰凝沉法脱除硫酸生产废水中的砷 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
比较了硫酸生产废水的几种除砷方法,认为铁屑还原-鼓风氧化-石灰凝沉工艺是可行的,此法具有处理量大、处理效果好、运行费用低等优点。 相似文献
285.
286.
干旱对电力生产的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文以1994年~1995年干旱对陕西省电力生产的影响为例,论述了干旱对电力生产的影响,在此基础上提出了相应的减灾对策. 相似文献
287.
288.
In this study, we analyzed the sustainability and determinant factors of waste reduction through variable charging schemes.
We drew three main conclusions from the study. (1) Waste reduction was achieved by variable charging and was sustained over
an average of at least 10 years. The results regarding the sustainability of the price effect were inconclusive. (2) The main
factors contributing to the combustible waste reduction achieved through variable charging were two-tier pricing and the price
of waste bags. The effect of two-tier pricing programs was positive. (3) Waste paper recycling and variable charging reinforce
each other to promote waste reduction.
Received: September 3, 2001 / Accepted: January 13, 2002 相似文献
289.
降低布袋除尘器阻力与节能问题的探讨 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
根据多年来多事布袋除尘器的管理工作和现场调试经验,提出了除尘系统节能运行的思想和方法。并对布袋除尘系统的节能运行进行了认真的分析,特别是对降低除尘器阻力后如何进行节能调节问题进行了深入的探讨。 相似文献
290.