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81.
Salih Katırcıoğlu Sami Fethi Demet Beton Kalmaz Dilber Çağlar 《International Journal of Green Energy》2016,13(10):1059-1074
This study investigates the empirical relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in Canada which has an important role in global energy and trade. It employs bound tests to level relationships and conditional error correction models through ARDL specification to a new version of the Solow Growth model. Using annual data of the 1960–2010 period, results reveal a long-term relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in Canada. It is also found that energy exporting activity is the determinant (driver) of energy consumption through the channel of real income and energy consumption is the determinant (driver) of exports through the channel of real income in the long term of the Canadian economy. Exports and energy use are the determinants (drivers) of real income in the long term of the Canadian economy; therefore, as conditional Granger causality tests suggest there is feedback relationship between energy consumption, international trade, and real income in the long term of the Canadian economy. The present study suggests that any energy conservation policies are likely to have negative influence on output and international trade in Canada. 相似文献
82.
During the past 25 years, the management of marine ecosystems has evolved significantly. Due to the increased use of the sea
and the increased awareness of adverse impacts of certain human activities in and around the sea, which has been a common
good for a long time—‘Mare Liberum’—an international and integrated approach has become increasingly important to regulate
the use of our common seas.
From the late 1960s onwards, intergovernmental meetings have taken place in order to tackle the problems of international
pollution of seas and oceans. One reason for this attention was the Torrey Canyon accident in 1967, which triggered the start
of the Bonn Agreement in 1969 for coordinating the combat mission against oil and chemical spills in the North Sea.
After the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, with the involvement of the European Union,
the International Council for Exploration of the Sea (ICES) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), other regional and
global Conventions, as well as the North Sea Ministerial Conferences were established.
These continuous international efforts have resulted in a considerable reduction of the input of certain contaminants and
of nutrients (in particular phosphate) into the marine environment. However, not all problems have yet been solve. The North
Sea Ministers agreed at the Conference in Esbjerg (1995) to aim at a reduction of the input of all hazardous substances within
one generation, in order to reach the goal of negligible risks of pollution. Furthermore, there is a general aim to minimize
adverse effects of disturbing activities. The challenge, now and in the future, is to find a balance between economic development
and environmental protection of our international marine waters aiming at a sustainable development of the marine resources
by employing scientifically based measures and, in situations where there are reasonable grounds for concern but no conclusive
links between cause and problem, applying the precautionary principle with respect to pollution and disturbing activities. 相似文献
83.
夏治强 《城市环境与城市生态》1993,6(4):37-42
本文简介了臭氧层的破坏及耗损对生物和人类所造成的危害.描述了氯氟烃(CFC),氮氧化物(NO_x)与臭氧的反应,井详细论述了CFC,NO_x及火山爆发对臭氧层的破坏作用.对有关保护臭氧层的国际公约进行了扼要介绍.提出了防止臭氧耗损应来取的措施;执行保护臭氧层的国际公约;寻找CFC替代品;加强对臭氧层的科学研究 相似文献
84.
运用共同但有区别的责任原则、风险预防原则、污染者负担原则等国际环境法上的基本原则,针对美国拒绝批准《京都议定书》所持的三个抗辨理由,一一进行了法理分析与批判。 相似文献
85.
阐述了国际环境法在近代和现代2个阶段的发展历程,相关内容、地位及作用,提出国际环境法的2个发展趋势;提高已缔条约中承诺的兑现程度;关注环境保护条约与贸易法则的冲突,还述及了中国国际环境法的贡献。 相似文献
86.
Bommer J 《Disasters》1985,9(4):270-278
The occurrence of natural disasters, such as floods and earthquakes, are, in themselves, beyond oar control. However, careful preparation before such events, and the correct management of the problem once it occurs, can both lead to major redaction of the suffering involved.
Disaster preparation and emergency planning are both inextricably linked to politics and economics, both on a national and an international scale. Disasters themselves raise a number of issues of a political or economic nature, and die response to a natural disaster both in the short and the long term is largely determined by the political relations within a country, and between that country and the international community.
This paper examines these issues by taking the examples of the earthquake of Managua, Nicaragua in 1972 and the flooding that occurred in Nicaragua in 1982. These two natural disasters occurred under different administrations in Nicaragua, and tills allows some interesting comparisons. 相似文献
Disaster preparation and emergency planning are both inextricably linked to politics and economics, both on a national and an international scale. Disasters themselves raise a number of issues of a political or economic nature, and die response to a natural disaster both in the short and the long term is largely determined by the political relations within a country, and between that country and the international community.
This paper examines these issues by taking the examples of the earthquake of Managua, Nicaragua in 1972 and the flooding that occurred in Nicaragua in 1982. These two natural disasters occurred under different administrations in Nicaragua, and tills allows some interesting comparisons. 相似文献
87.
基于微脉冲激光雷达提取的混合层高度与首都机场的实际运行数据,采用美国EPA方法,更准确的估算了2016年首都国际机场航空器排放清单.结果表明:在航空器起飞着陆(LTO)循环排放的各种污染物中,NOx和CO排放量最多,分别占排放总量的53.3%和38.5%.滑行阶段和爬升阶段的排放总量较多,占排放总量的49.7%和25.7%.滑行阶段是航空器排放CO、SOx、HC和PM的主要阶段.在滑行阶段的主要排放物是CO和NOx,分别占滑行阶段排放总量的71.7%和17.2%.混合层高度变化对航空器排放的NOx与CO影响最大,对SOx、HC与PM影响较小.在所有的起降航班机型中,A320对排放影响最小,B77W影响最大.航空器场面滑行时间是影响污染物排放量的一个非常重要的因素.优化航空器滑行效率,减少滑行时间,对减少机场排放量会有非常积极的作用. 相似文献
88.
环境问题的国际化趋势是国际环境法发展的前提,而国家环境权与国际环境合作是国际环境法中不可或缺的两个部分。着重论述了国家环境权的概念和表现形式,国际环境合作的必然趋势以及二者结合的重要性和主要原则。 相似文献
89.
90.
KEVIN M. BROWN R. MICHAEL ERWIN MILO E. RICHMOND P. A. BUCKLEY JOHN T. TANACREDI DAVE AVRIN 《Environmental management》2001,28(2):207-224
During the 1980s, the exponential growth of laughing gull (Larus atricilla) colonies, from 15 to about 7600 nests in 1990, in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge and a correlated increase in the bird-strike
rate at nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) led to a controversy between wildlife and airport managers
over the elimination of the colonies. In this paper, we review data to evaluate if: (1) the colonies have increased the level
of risk to the flying public; (2) on-colony population control would reduce the presence of gulls, and subsequently bird strikes,
at the airport; and (3) all on-airport management alternatives have been adequately implemented. Since 1979, most (2987, 87%)
of the 3444 bird strikes (number of aircraft struck) were actually bird carcasses found near runways (cause of death unknown
but assumed to be bird strikes by definition). Of the 457 pilot-reported strikes (mean = 23 ± 6 aircraft/yr, N= 20 years), 78 (17%) involved laughing gulls. Since a gull-shooting program was initiated on airport property in 1991, over
50,000 adult laughing gulls have been killed and the number of reported bird strikes involving laughing gulls has declined
from 6.9 ± 2.9 (1983–1990) to 2.6 ± 1.3 (1991–1998) aircraft/yr; nongull reported bird strikes, however, have more than doubled
(6.4 ± 2.6, 1983–1990; 14.9 ± 5.1, 1991–1998). We found no evidence to indicate that on-colony management would yield a reduction
of bird strikes at Kennedy Airport. Dietary and mark–recapture studies suggest that 60%–90% of the laughing gulls collected
on-airport were either failed breeders and/or nonbreeding birds. We argue that the Jamaica Bay laughing gull colonies, the
only ones in New York State, should not be managed at least until all on-airport management alternatives have been properly
implemented and demonstrated to be ineffective at reducing bird strikes, including habitat alterations and increasing the
capability of the bird control unit to eliminate bird flocks on-airport using nonlethal bird dispersal techniques. Because
the gull-shooting program may be resulting in a nonsustainable regional population of laughing gulls (>30% decline), we also
recommend that attempts be made to initiate an experimental colony elsewhere on Long Island to determine if colony relocation
is a feasible management option. 相似文献