Some characteristics of plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the zone surrounding the Mayak Production Association

The results of long-term studies on plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the area surrounding the Mayak Production Association in the years 1976–1995 are summarized. Data are presented on the changes in plutonium concentration in the air overtime at some points located in the survey zone and the impact zone of the industrial enterprise as compared to those in the control region. In addition, data on the changes in air plutonium concentration depending on the season and direction of wind are presented; the ratios between plutonium concentrations in the air and the fallout are analyzed.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 20–25.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Chudin, Shcherbakova, Maslovskii, Kocheva, Iovlev, Denisenko, Demin, Mamin, Chebotina.     

晋西北地区土地沙漠化时空格局及其驱动因素

利用晋西北地区1975,1991,2000,2015,2019年遥感影像,采用转移矩阵模型、重心迁移模型和主成分分析法,研究晋西北地区土地沙漠化的时空变化及其驱动机制.结果表明：土地沙漠化面积在时间上呈现先增加、后减少的动态趋势,其中1975~1991年沙漠化土地面积增加1495.10km²,非沙漠化土地转移为轻度沙漠化土地面积最大（1506.12km²）;1991~2000年沙漠化土地面积增加689.09km²,轻度沙漠化土地转移为中度沙漠化土地面积最大（11098.72km²）;2000~2015年沙漠化土地面积减少2365.85km²,中度沙漠化土地转移为轻度沙漠化土地面积最大（10569.56km²）;2015~2019年沙漠化土地面积减少1931.39km²,轻度沙漠化土地转移为非沙漠化土地面积最大（1909.93km²）.空间上呈现先偏南、后偏西北的迁移趋势,其中1975~1991年、1991~2000年沙漠化土地重心总体上偏南方向迁移,重度沙漠化土地重心迁移距离最大,分别为19.26,20.06km;2000~2019年沙漠化土地重心向西北迁移,轻度沙漠化土地重心迁移距离最大,为30.29km.1975~2019年晋西北地区土地沙漠化动态变化是自然因素和人为因素共同作用的结果,人口数量和牲畜数量是影响沙漠化土地变化的主要人为因素,大风日数是影响沙漠化土地变化的主要自然因素.     

豫西南环境变迁与土壤发生的研究

本文以豫西南的三个土壤剖面为对象，研究了土壤的形态、理化和矿物学特性，探索环境与土壤发生的关系．结果表明：发育在中更新世母质上的红粘土与毗邻区域的地带性土壤相比，具有较低的粘粒硅铝率、较小的风化淋溶系数和较高的游离氧化铁，既属于古环境景观影响下的产物，但又表现出有一定的复钙作用和较高的ＰＨ值．这些特性说明此种古土壤出露地表后，虽保留其残遗特征，却又进行着与现代生物气候条件相谐调的过程．     

水体突发污染事件的在线生物监测技术研究进展

水体突发性污染事件的污染方式具有多样性,污染物种类具有复杂性。水体突发污染事件的特征决定在线生物监测的难度。结合受试生物种类和生物生理生态指标的不同,综合分析了已经报道的水体污染在线生物监测技术。根据统计分析结果,已经报道的水体突发性污染在线生物监测技术主要分为:基于生物行为变化的在线生物监测技术、基于生物生理变化的在线生物监测技术和基于综合生物指标的在线生物监测技术3类。在不同生物种类和生理生态指标分析基础上,对不同在线生物监测技术的基本原理和优缺点进行分析,也对不同在线生物监测技术存在的缺点提出解决的主要方案,为水体突发污染事件监测分析提供支持,以满足水体突发污染事件的在线监测和应急管理需求。     

丹江口水库水体氮的时空分布及入库通量

为解析丹江口水库水体氮的时空分布特征及主要污染来源,以丹江口库区及主要入库河流为研究对象,分析了水体氮的空间分布、季节及年际变化;利用回归分析,解析了氮污染驱动因素;并估算了入库河流氮通量及对库区氮污染负荷的贡献率. 结果表明:研究区水体ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₄+-N)分别在0.07~16.73和0.01~10.65 mg/L之间,年均值分别为2.34和0.71 mg/L,空间分布呈入库河流高于库区的趋势;季节特征表现为春季、冬季>秋季>夏季. 2005—2014年库区水体ρ(TN)整体呈先升后降的趋势,其中取水口陶岔断面ρ(TN)上升较快,2012年较2007年增加了1.5倍,2013年开始ρ(TN)有所下降,但仍然维持在较高水平. 近10年来库区水体ρ(NH₄+-N)始终维持在较低水平. 神定河、犟河、泗河、剑河等环库支流河口氮污染最严重,城镇化是造成流域水体氮污染的主要驱动力. 汉江TN入库量贡献最大,占63.0%,其中境外来水TN入库量占总量的59.2%,为达到丹江口水库生态环境保护要求的Ⅲ类水质(GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》)目标,汉江TN需削减量为16 715.0 t/a. 境内河流中,环库河流的TN入库量最大,其中泗河、老灌河、神定河、金钱河、犟河和天河等TN入库量较大,TN需削减量分别为 2 286.7、2 197.7、1 493.6、1 106.9、979.1和728.9 t/a.      

Association between resiliency and posttraumatic growth in firefighters: the role of stress appraisal

The purpose of this study was to establish the relation between resiliency and the level of positive changes, comprising posttraumatic growth in a group of firefighters experiencing job-related traumatic events and the mediating role of stress appraisal in this relation. The study was performed on a group of 100 firefighters from firefighting and rescue brigades, out of which 75 admitted to experiencing a traumatic event. Firefighters covered by the study were on average 31.51 years old (SD?=?6.34). A Polish version of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, the Resiliency Assessment Scale and Stress Appraisal Questionnaire were used in the study. The results have shown that 22.7% of firefighters displayed low, 58.6% average and 18.7% high intensity of positive changes resulting from a traumatic event. Resiliency poorly correlates with posttraumatic growth expressed in changes in self-perception, and strongly correlates with stress appraisal, negatively correlates with threat and harm/loss and positively correlates with challenge. Appraisal of stress as a threat and challenge appeared to be mediators of the relationship between resiliency and posttraumatic growth.     

松花江流域省界缓冲区典型断面水质状况分析研究

以松花江流域省界缓冲区典型监测断面数据(2007-2014年)为基础,利用内梅罗污染指数法对流域水质情况进行综合评价,结合年变异系数和相关系数探究水质年际、年内变化趋势.根据监测断面数量和Ⅲ类及以上水比例变化情况分析省界缓冲区水质状况.根据水质特点确定主要超标项目,结合单因子评价法分析主要监测断面的水质类型、年际变化情况,并对监测指标相关性和超标率进行分析.根据上述分析结果,提出针对松花江省界缓冲区的监管对策及建议.     

A model of the air traffic controller's picture

This paper reviews the development of a model of the air traffic controller's mental image, ‘picture’, or situation awareness, used for controlling air traffic. The computerised model's development, origins and theoretical basis are outlined, and the model is described in some detail in the context of current air traffic operations. The model can be utilised to explore the potential impacts of future automation on the cognitive performance of the air traffic controller. The general potential contributions of the area of cognitive modelling to system design and training in accelerating industries such as air traffic control, are also discussed.