中国耕地变化的空间格局与重心曲线动态分析

采用罗伦兹曲线、重心模型等G IS技术,利用1980 s和2000年两期覆盖全国跨度10多年的土地利用数据,构造耕地指数、耕地变化指数对中国耕地空间分布及其空间变化格局进行分析。主要结论:①中国耕地主要分布在黑、川、蒙、豫、鲁等北部和中部省份,其中苏、粤、冀、鲁、浙等19个省份的耕地有所减少,黑、蒙、吉、新等13个省份的耕地有所增加;②胡焕庸线之东南40%的国土面积分布着全国88%的耕地;西北60%的国土面积分布着全国12%的耕地,中国耕地空间分布可划分为高度稀疏区、低度稀疏区、一般过渡区、低度集聚、高度集聚区等5种类型;③中国耕地变化区域类型可适度划分为高度增长区、中度增长区、低度增长区、基本不变区、低度减少区、中度减少区、高度减少区等7大类型。顾及耕地质量背景下的中国耕地空间分布格局及变化特征等应进一步研究。     

卫星遥感技术在本溪典型区域的应用

以本溪典型区域为研究区,以高分辨率卫星数据为主要信息源,利用不同波段的组合图像,借助eCognition软件,对地表地物光谱特征和空间特征进行分析,建立卫星遥感分析成果信息库。基于不同时相分类结果的变化检测,以及对研究区水体污染、矿区复垦、耕地变化、林地变化等的分析,定量分析了研究区生态环境的动态变化。此项研究工作为研究区的生态环境规划、建设和管理,特别是对土地利用的管理工作提供了有用的资料。     

加强化工企业变更管理的思考与建议

通过对国内外化工企业变更管理现状的分析,阐述了实施变更管理的意义和必要性,并提出加强化工企业变更管理的几点建议。     

Adaptation and mitigation as complementary tools for reducing the risk of climate impacts

This paper uses the likelihood of flooding along Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers in India to explore the hypothesis that adaptation and mitigation can be viewed as complements rather than sustitutes. For futures where climate change will produce smooth, monotonic and manageable effects, adopting a mitigation strategy is shown to increase the ability of adaptation to reduce the likelihood of crossing critical threshold of tolerable climate. For futures where climate change will produce variable impacts overtime, though, it is possible that mitigation will make adaptation less productive for some time intervals. In cases of exaggerated climate change, adaptation may fail entirely regardless of how much mitigation is applied. Judging the degree of complementarity is therefore an empirical question because the relative efficacy of adaptation is site specific and path dependent. It follows that delibrations over climate policy should rely more on detailed analyses of how the distributions of possible impacts of climate might change over space and time.

Biochemical and histopathological ultrastructural changes caused by ZnO nanoparticles in mice

Five week-old mice were divided into a vehicle control group, and groups exposed to ZnO nanoparticles at low (0.5 g/kg), middle (1 g/kg), high (3 g/kg), and exceptionally high-dose (5 g/kg). After the first, second, third, and fourth weeks’ of exposure, blood biochemistry, histopathology, and electron microscopic ultrastructural changes in liver, kidney and spleen were investigated. Increased alkaline phosphatase activities were observed in all treated mice being statistically significant at higher dose. No changes were observed in the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and lipid levels. During the first and second weeks of the treatment, effects on the cytoarchitecture of liver, kidney, and spleen were not perceived while during the third and fouth weeks of treatment sporadic mild effects were seen. Ultrastructural electron microscopic changes in liver, kidney, and spleen were not observed for the low-dose group on the first, second, third, and fourth weeks, suggesting that exposure to ZnO nanoparticles at low dose is safe. Long-term (i.e., more than 28 days) exposure to the exceptionally high-dose resulted in sporadic changes in nuclear chromatin condensation, irregular nuclear membrane, polymorphic mitochondria, mitochondrial swelling, and vacuolation. ZnO nanoparticles could be well tolerated and no death occurred in any group of treated mice.     

Effect of mercuric chloride on terrestrial slug Semperula maculata and histopathology of reproductive organs: a comprehensive study

Since the last few decades, terrestrial diversity is found to be under stress due to the contamination by various chemicals and gases of aquatic and agricultural media. The bioaccumulation of these compounds at certain concentrations in different tissues produces histopathological changes leading to behavioral changes in target animals. This study focused on terrestrial molluscan slug, Semperula maculata, against lethal concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl₂). Bioaccumulation of Hg was highest in ovotestis, while lowest in the molluscan penis. Histopathological changes were observed in the cellular arrangement of reproductive organs. Alterations in the penis and the dart gland included dilated unicellular, multicellular glands, and muscular dystrophy, dilated peripheral glandular cells, respectively; dilation being maximal in the prostate gland. Ovotestis showed depleted number of gametocytes. Vacoulized pre-vitellogenic oocytes with early vitellogenic oocytes were noted under light microscopy. Mercury produced toxicity on secretory functions and lowered the rate of reproduction in animals. Evidence indicates that Hg produced gamete degeneration, impacted reproductive capacity and survival of this species in the ecosystem.     

“十三五”以来我国生态质量状况时空变化分析

采用多源卫星影像融合遥感监测技术,根据《生态环境状况评价技术规范》(HJ 192—2015),利用生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地胁迫指数、污染负荷指数和环境限制指数建立综合评价模型,以面积加权平均实现尺度转换,采用一元线性回归模型的斜率(θ_slope)分析“十三五”以来我国生态质量现状及变化趋势。结果表明,当前我国生态质量状况优良、一般、较差的国土面积占比分别为46.6%、22.2%、31.2%。2016年以来,我国生态环境状况指数整体呈增加趋势,年平均增加幅度为0.24,其中北京、河北、辽宁、上海、宁夏等省份的增加趋势比较显著,对应的θ_slope分别为3.01、1.02、1.04、1.89、1.24。生态环境状况指数呈略微增加、明显增加、显著增加的县域数量分别为271、545、287个,面积占比分别为10.5%、19.8%、5.5%,主要分布在东北地区、黄土高原、三江源地区、秦岭山地、东部平原地区以及长江流域部分地区。其中：黄土高原、三江源等地区生态质量提升主要是因为上述地区实施生态保护修复工程后,整体绿化程度明显改善,林草...     

Post-disaster resettlement, development and change: a case study of the 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran

Planned and involuntary resettlement after natural disasters has been a major policy in post-disaster reconstruction in developing countries over the past few decades. Studies show that resettlement can result in significant adverse impacts on the resettled population. Conversely, a well-planned and managed resettlement process can produce positive long-term development outcomes. This article presents the results of a case study undertaken 11 years after the 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran. During the reconstruction period, a policy of involuntary planned resettlement was pursued extensively. The socioeconomic changes that occurred as a consequence of this policy of involuntary resettlement are analysed. Data were collected via a questionnaire survey that involved a sample of 194 relocated households (grouped into a settlement that later became a town). The paper shows that relocated families face difficult socioeconomic challenges after relocation and regrouping. This is especially true with respect to employment, income, the empowerment of women and lifestyle issues.     

Impacts of quarrying activities on the environment and livelihood of people in Border II sub-location,Nyando sub-county,Kisumu County,Kenya

The aim of the study was to assess the impacts of quarrying activities on the environment and livelihood of people in the Border II sub-location. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussion, laboratory analysis and observations. Whereas, secondary data was obtained from Landsat satellite images, journals, articles, books and reports. The acquired data were analyzed using excel and Arc GIS; and presented into tables and figures. The Land use/cover change analysis from the satellite images of the area showed that quarry lands have increased by 5.2 Ha (0.26%). Quarrying activities in the area were perceived to have both positive and negative impacts on the livelihood of people and the environment. Some of the most serious environmental problems were; dust pollution (82%), noise (76%), land degradation (74%), vegetation loss (60%) and vibration (52%). Whereas, negative socioeconomic impacts were; building cracks (54%), injuries (36%), school dropouts (35%), roads damages (33%), child labor (31%) and crop effects (30%). Moreover, 45% of the area residents and 44% of the quarry workers have experienced health problems related to quarrying activities. Nevertheless, there was a significant relationship between quarrying activities and the environmental as well as human health problems in the area (p<0.05). The positive impacts identified are; employment, roads improvement, security, CSR, building materials, business opportunities, among others. To mitigate the negative impacts, the quarry operators should develop and implement an Environmental and Social management Plan, including fair compensation of the project which affect a person, relocation of near homes, environmental pollution control, public participation, scaling down blasting activities, and strict policies compliance and enforcement.     

Principle of the worst scenario in the modelling past and future of biosphere dynamics

The “biosphere–climate” system is subjected to different influences (influx of anthropogenic CO₂ and pollutants, deforestation, harmful land management, biological species depopulation, etc.). Therefore, the vital question arises: “Can these influences lead to irreversible negative changes in the climate–biosphere system or a global ecological catastrophe?” The possibility of irreversible changes may be not very high, but one cannot ignore it. So the main aim of our investigation is to evaluate possible consequences of human impact on the biosphere focusing on irreversible changes of it.