基于地理探测器的甘肃省植被覆盖时空变化及驱动力分析

准确量化人类活动和气候变化对生态环境退化的作用,探讨不同驱动因子的主次关系,是当前区域生态环境研究中的热点。本文基于1982—2015年的归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI),结合自然因素和人为因素,选取15个涵盖气候、地形地貌、社会经济等方面的因子,采用趋势分析法和地理探测器模型,对甘肃省植被NDVI的时空变化特征及驱动力进行探测。结果表明：甘肃省NDVI在空间上呈现从东南向西北递减,且低植被覆盖度区域和高植被覆盖度区域呈现“两极化”的分布规律,分别占全省植被面积的39.2%和17.8%。省内大部分地区NDVI呈现增长趋势,植被显著改善区域主要集中在陇东、陇中地区。降水量、植被类型、人均粮食占有量、土壤类型、土地利用类型是甘肃省NDVI空间分布的主要驱动因子,解释力均大于0.5,且双因子的叠加作用大于单因子的作用。本研究有助于揭示不同因子对甘肃省植被变化的驱动机制,为生态环境建设和资源利用管理提供科学参考。     

1995～2000年河西走廊土地利用变化研究

目前,人类面临的许多环境问题都与土地利用/覆被变化有关。利用1995和2000年两个时期的Landsat5的4、3、2(RGB)波段合成影像的解译结果,采用中国科学院资源环境数据库中的全国1∶100000土地资源利用分类系统,基于GIS软件平台ArcInfo7.1中文版对河西走廊近5年来的土地利用变化进行了研究。结果表明,近5年来,河西走廊发生了大规模的土地利用变化:①土地利用类型斑块数量和总边缘长度基本呈增加之势,表明研究区内景观的破碎程度增加;②土地利用结构变化表现出耕地、林地和建设用地有明显增加,水域、草地和未利用地都呈减少趋势,反映出区域城镇化进程的加快和生态环境恶化的趋势;③土地利用变化的区域差异明显,表现为地处河西走廊西段的酒(泉)嘉(峪关)地区以耕地、林地、水域和建设用地增加,未利用地和草地减少为主要变化特点,走廊中段的张掖市以耕地、林地和建设用地增加,草地、水域和未利用地减少为主要变化特点,走廊东段的武(威)金(昌)地区以耕地和建设用地增加,草地和水域减少为主要变化特点。     

湖北省2005-2009年生态环境状况评价分析

利用遥感解译数据分析了湖北省2005—2009年的土地利用变化,同时根据《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》(HJ/T 192—2006),对该区域生态环境状况进行综合评价,对生态环境指标变化情况进行对比分析。结果表明,2005—2009年湖北省的生态环境状况均为良好,生态环境状况指数保持在70左右。这期间指数值变化主要受水网密度指数和环境质量指数影响,变化幅度均小于2,属于无明显变化级别。     

黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及形成作用

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区开发建设和黄河下游生态调度均需要了解当地地下水化学特征.在沉积环境分区和补-径-排系统分区的基础上,采用数理统计与地统计、Piper三线图和离子比例系数等方法,对黄河三角洲浅层地下水化学特征及成因进行了系统研究.结果表明,①主要水化学参数Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-、SO24-、HCO3-和TDS的质量浓度分别介于0.1～25.0g.L-1、3.6～3 815.0 mg.L-1、5.6～3 377.0 mg.L-1、0.1～45.1 g.L-1、24.2～4 947.0 mg.L-1、62.6～850.0 mg.L-1和0.4～80.7 g.L-1之间,各离子质量浓度均值进一步表明区域内Cl-、Na+和TDS质量浓度很高,而HCO 3-、CO23-和K+质量浓度很低.②Cl-和TDS质量浓度沿地下水流向逐渐增大,二者均呈现显著的方向性空间变异和空间分布一致性,揭示了Cl-是浅层地下水水质的主控离子.③从补给区到排泄区,浅层地下水水化学类型由Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl--SO42-等复杂类型快速过渡到Na+-Mg2+-Ca2+-Cl-(或Mg2+-Na+-Ca2+-Cl-)及Na+-Mg2+-Cl-型,并在海岸滩涂区演化成Na+-Cl-这一简单类型的水.④混合、蒸发浓缩、溶滤、阳离子交替吸附作用及人类活动的影响是黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水化学成分形成的主要作用.该地区浅层地下水化学特征形成的关键驱动因素是黄河入海流路的变迁和海水入侵.     

杭州都市圈碳收支的土地利用变化驱动和优化

随着全球变暖等气候变化成为全球性环境问题,厘清基于土地利用变化的碳收支驱动机制成为实现“双碳”目标的必然路径.基于杭州都市圈1995~2020年土地利用变化特征,采用清单核算法、集中化指数和面板回归模型探究碳收支的土地利用变化驱动机制,并根据“情景-行动者”政策分析框架提出国土空间规划耦合土地利用管理的低碳优化策略.结果发现：①研究区碳源能力远高于碳汇能力,碳收支集中化指数整体尚未越过0.4“警戒线”,空间集中水平大小表现为：杭州>黄山>绍兴>衢州>嘉兴≈湖州;②对耕地,较大的面积和较高的形状规整程度有助于降低碳收支量;对建设用地,较大的面积和较高的破碎化程度会加剧碳收支水平,且主要受到其他城镇用地驱动;③较大的耕地面积占比和较高的土地利用混合度会增加碳收支空间均衡性,而工业用地和其他城镇用地的面积占比和破碎化程度增加更易导致碳收支空间分布不均;④国土空间低碳优化需以调整碳源功能用地结构和形态为关键抓手.政策执行层面,中央政府和城市居民对国土空间低碳调控表现出高度支持,地方政府、企业和农村村民的配合度尚不理想,需要配套政策协同引导.研究结论对提升土地利用效率和促进城市低碳发展具有现实意义.     

蘑菇湖沉积物间隙水溶解性有机质紫外可见光谱研究

从蘑菇湖选取7个采样点,提取沉积物间隙水DOM样本,运用主成分分析与聚类分析方法对蘑菇湖沉积物间隙水紫外可见光谱进行解析,识别光谱组分与主控因子,并研究DOM的组成、腐殖化程度及空间变化。结果表明,DOM组分为木质素和奎宁、羧酸基团及多烷基腐殖质等,在外围区与深湖区2个区域存在明显差异。从吸收光谱推演出具有良好相关性的S_r、SUVA₂₅₄、E₂/E₃、E₂/E₄、E₂₅₃/E₂₀₃、A₂/A₁ 6个光谱指标,可以用于表征DOM的分子量大小和腐殖化水平,外围区DOM的分子量和腐殖化程度皆高于深湖区,并且在区域内呈现随水深增加而递减的趋势。光谱指标聚类分析结果表明,与腐殖化水平呈正相关的指标(E₂₅₃/E₂₀₃、SUVA₂₅₄、A₂/A₁)在表征DOM腐殖化水平时更具有代表性。根据光谱指标聚类结果将7个采样点分为2类,该结果与主成分分析一致。通过DOM腐殖化程度可以在一定程度上判断其空间变化规律。     

制度环境变迁与中国企业社会责任路径

摘要企业社会责任是指企业在创造利润、对股东利益负责的同时,还应承担对员工、社会和环境的责任,包括遵守商业道德、生产安全、职业健康、保护消费者合法权益、节约资源等.企业承担社会责任是企业为生存而适应制度环境变迁的产物.伴随着制度环境变迁,西方企业社会责任的发展经历了无意识期、启蒙期和成熟期三个阶段.建国以来,中国企业的制度环境经历计划经济体制和向市场经济体制转型时期,均出现了企业承担社会责任功能的“失范”,即计划经济时期的“企业办社会”和向市场经济转型时期下的凸显“经济人本性”.当前,企韭利益与社会利益矛盾的凸显和社会公平公正期望的提升,使企业社会责任问题在中国变得日益紧迫、上下关注.党发出了“科学发展”的号召.科学发展这一制度环境,是对中国企韭承担社会责任的期待.而中国企业社会责任的实现,则亟待制度化建设保证,即要求企业产权制度明晰化,企业社会责任法制化,企业社会责任评价体系科学化,企业社会责任信息披露制度化,企业社会责任监督主体多元化.     

Quantification of land use/land cover changes in Pearl River Delta and its impact on regional climate in summer using numerical modeling

This study quantified land use/land cover (LULC) changes in Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China and its impact on regional climate over the last two decades. The LULC change analyses were accomplished by applying a change detection method to a set of Landsat imagery and ancillary data acquired from 1970s to 2000. The results indicate that the urban expansion is the prevailing LULC change in the PRD. Impact of LULC change on regional climate was simulated by using a mesoscale climate model. Two different land cover datasets circa 1990 and 2000 were input to the model to investigate the impact of urbanization on regional weather and climate condition in summer 2005. The simulation results show that rapid urban expansion can substantially alter regional climate conditions in the PRD region including monthly mean temperature, precipitation, moisture, and surface heat fluxes.     

Anthropogenic-driven changes with focus on the coastal zone of Mauritius, south-western Indian Ocean

Some 44% of the world's population lives within 150 km of the coast and mass migration towards the coast will continue in the decades ahead. Degrading and exhaustive uses of land, water and other coastal resources and disruption of environmental processes through degradation of environmental quality and loss of critical terrestrial and aquatic habitats can lead to serious deleterious impacts on the health and productivity of coastal ecosystems. Following the Arusha Resolution (1993), the Seychelles Statement (1996) and the Colombo CZM Workshop (1999), the need for integrated coastal zone management has become critical because of the limited land resources and unproportional domination of coastal areas in the wider Caribbean and Indian Ocean/ Pacific island states. The coastal zone of Mauritius (1,850 km², 20°S, 58°E, south-western Indian Ocean, 1.12 million inhabitants) was redefined in 1997 in the Environmental Protection Act of 1991 [Part VII (Act 34)] to include all islets within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ; 1.7 million km²). During the 1980s, the Mauritian economy underwent major structural changes successfully, with a rapid phase of industrialization diversifying into two major activities, textiles and tourism. Existing reports and data in a common framework have to be synthesized and organized to fill existing gaps in knowledge with data collection and scientific inquiries, to identify social and economic drivers and to relate socioeconomic change to demands for environmental resources (land use, water resources, marine systems) and environmental impacts as proposed under the MERMAID (Mauritius Environmental Resource Management and Industrial Development) project. Nutrient flux and sediment trace metal contamination studies are currently underway to investigate different watersheds impacted by agricultural, urban and industrial activities in the north-west of the island. There is a pressing need to integrate the natural sciences with socioeconomic disciplines as proposed by the International Human Dimensions Program (IHDP) for an integrated management of coastal zones. Three integrated pilot projects in the Pacific-Indian Ocean and wider Caribbean as identified by Land Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone (LOICZ) in the future, including current status and changes in material fluxes from drainage basins, transboundary impacts from the ocean and atmospheric inputs, could elucidate the land–sea interactions and human dimensions of change on small islands. The sustainability of marine resources and the conservation of biological diversity will depend on a critical understanding of linkages between human activities and ecological responses and upon a citizenry that assumes ownership of these regions. Case studies would also help in investigating how humans affect transport pathways and biogeochemical cycles in small island states. Electronic Publication     

The Impact of Changes of Property Rights on Farmland Use： An Empirical Study of China during Transition

In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system （HRS） have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet-ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur-ther reforms.