中国工业行业技能偏向型技术变化的实证检验

近年来,我国工业行业技能劳动力的需求快速增加,技能供需矛盾日益突出。虽然有文献认为技能偏向型技术变化是其中的重要原因,但是对技能偏向型技术变化存在性的规范检验几乎一片空白。本文基于经典文献提供的实证方法,以工业全行业和大中型行业为实证对象,规范检验20世纪90年代以来我国工业技术进步的技能偏向性。首先,对技能劳动力就业份额变化进行分解的结果表明,我国工业就业结构技能升级的主导因素是细分行业内而不是细分行业之间技能劳动力就业份额的变化。其次,基于我国工业经济的特性,计量检验了技术进步、对外开放和资本-技能互补性等因素对工业就业结构技能升级的影响,揭示了技术进步与技能劳动力就业份额之间显著的正相关关系。这两方面的结果验证了20世纪90年代以来我国工业行业的技能偏向型技术变化,并为技能劳动力短缺提供了基于需求角度的解释。     

亚热带小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的定量化评价

亚热带小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的定量化评价王效举，龚子同（中国科学院南京土壤研究所，南京２１０００８）ＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｏｉｌＱｕａｌｉｔｙＣｈａｎｇｅｓｉｎＴｉｍｅａｎｄＳｐａｃｅａｔａＳｍａｌｌＡｒｅａＬｅｖｅ...     

The Mediterranean intertidal habitat as a natural laboratory to study climate change drivers of geographic patterns in marine biodiversity

Nylon bags containing yellow leaves of Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, were immersed for 80 days from August to October, 1996. the decomposing leaves were collected every 10 days and analysed for dry weight loss and six biochemical parameters: tannins, total amino acids, total sugars, total nitrogen, total lipids and fatty acid profile. the leaf weight initially decreased very rapidly by about 50% of the start in two species of mangroves within 10 days. Similar changes were observed with tannins, total amino acids and sugars. However, the concentration of nitrogen increased significantly with decomposition. There was no significant change in total lipid and fatty acid profile. the highest concentration of fatty acid in the decomposing leaves was palmitic acid (16:0). Unsaturated fatty acids such as, 18:1 w7c and 18:1 w9c were found to be present in decomposing leaves of both species.     

1961—2010年宁夏无霜期变化特征

利用1961—2010年宁夏全区20个气象站的逐日最低气温资料,根据霜冻气候指标计算了各站逐年的无霜期。采用基础统计方法和气候诊断分析方法,研究了宁夏全区及不同区域的无霜期基本特征和变化趋势。结果表明:近50年来宁夏无霜期的空间差异明显,多年平均无霜期最长达166 d(吴忠站),最短仅有117 d(隆德站),空间差异最大为49 d;从时间上分析,1972年全区平均无霜期最短,只有121 d,2000年和2001年最长,达167 d,年际间最大相差46 d;在3个区域中,多年平均无霜期以及80%和90%保证率的界限值均是引黄灌区>中部干旱带>南部山区;近50年来,全区平均无霜期以4.7d/10 a的速率延长,3个区域的无霜期均呈延长趋势,其中南部山区的延长速率最快,达5.8 d/10 a;全区的无霜期在1982年发生突变,其中引黄灌区和中部干旱带的突变年与全区一致,南部山区的突变年提前了2年;从年代际看,20世纪70年代的平均无霜期最短,21世纪初的最长,两个年代相差20 d。宁夏无霜期呈现明显延长趋势,这与1961年以来宁夏平均气温明显升高的趋势保持一致,春、秋季的平均气温均在升高使得终霜日提前、初霜日推迟是无霜期延长的主要原因。如果不考虑其他因素,无霜期延长对宁夏的农业生产较为有利。     

基于遥感技术的松辽平原盐渍化动态研究

运用.RS、GIS手段,以航天遥感MSS/TM/ETM为主要信息源,运用参数构造法、空间叠加分析法和网格等值线追踪法.对松辽平原盐渍化进行多时相遥感动态监测.研究结果表明.近30年来松辽平原盐渍化面积持续增加.强度持续增强.盐渍化面积变化总动态度为-1.03%,其中,1975-1989年为-1.67%,1989-2003年为-0.31%.盐渍化强度中心位于大安与乾安之间,1975-1989年,强度中心向北东方向移动22.81 km;1989-2003年,强度中心向西南方向移动16.50 km.松辽平原盐渍化是自然因素和不合理人类活动共同作用造成的.     

安徽省土地利用变化及其驱动力分析

利用GIS技术，基于20世纪，80、90年代中期和2000年三期土地利用数据，分析了安徽省的土地利用变化，土地利用变化在空间上表现为：变化范围广，几乎遍及全省各个角落；西部和南部山区其土地利用变化的幅度相对较小，中部，东部和北部地区变化幅度较大；在合理－巢湖－芜湖－马鞍山一片其变化幅度最大，土地利用变化在数量及时间上表现为：耕地（含水田和旱地）大幅减少，其次为草地和林地，代之以城镇用地，农村建设用地和水域的迅速增加，1987－1995年变化的幅度明显小于1995－2000年的变化幅度，随后运用典型相关分析方法对安徽省90年代中期和2000年之间的土地利用变化的驱动因子进行了统计分析，定量诊断出各驱动因子对安徽省土地利用变化的贡献作用大小，对1987－1995年安徽省土地变更数据进行统计分析，揭示了期间土地利用变化的驱动力。     

长江流域耕地-粮食-人口复合系统的动态分析及调控途径

选取反映耕地-粮食-人口复合系统变化的10个总量和均量指标．通过1978—2004年各指标在长江流域及其上、中、下游变化过程的动态分析。发现人口增加、国家宏观政策、粮食价格以及经济非农化和城市化过程是影响流域耕地-粮食-人口复合系统变化的主导因素；长江流域粮食生产在全国的主体地位逐渐下降。而且自2000年以来．人均粮食占有量也不断下降。耕地压力指数不断加大。基于此种变化过程及其原因分析，从保证区域粮食自给、保持系统动态平衡以及协调好耕地、粮食、人口三者之间关系等方面入手．站在保障流域粮食安全、确保国家经济社会可持续发展战略高度．提出长江流域耕地-粮食-人口复合系统调控战略途径。     

MODELING TRANSIENT pH DEPRESSIONS IN COASTAL STREAMS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA USING NEURAL NETWORKS1

ABSTRACT: Transient events in water chemistry in small coastal watersheds, particularly pH depressions, are largely driven by inputs of precipitation. While the response of each watershed depends upon both the nature of the precipitation event and the season of the year, how the response changes over time can provide insight into landscape changes. Neural network models for an urban watershed and a rural‐suburban watershed were developed in an attempt to detect changes in system response resulting from changes in the landscape. Separate models for describing pH depressions for wet season and dry season conditions were developed for a seven year period at each watershed. The neural network models allowed separation of the effects of precipitation variations and changes in watershed response. The ability to detect trends in pH depression magnitudes was improved by analyzing neural network residuals rather than the raw data. Examination of sensitivity plots of the models indicated how the neural networks were affected by different inputs. There were large differences in effects between seasons in the rural‐suburban watershed whereas effects in the urban watershed were consistent between seasons. During the study period, the urban watershed showed no change in pH depression response, while the rural‐suburban watershed showed a significant increase in the magnitude of pH depressions, likely the result of increased urbanization.     

The copper and aluminum industries: A review of structural changes

In this article the evolution of the aluminium and copper industries is examined, with a view to deriving policy options open to Third World copper producers, which face a declining rate in the growth of consumption. Market structure, company behaviour and performance are analysed for both industries. The impact of energy and general economic crisis in copper and aluminium industries is assessed and market concentration trends are discussed. We conclude that Third World copper producers must change their basic orientation and become seriously involved in market development.