Distribution of a Community of Mammals in Relation to Roads and Other Human Disturbances in Gabon,Central Africa

We present the first community‐level study of the associations of both roads and other human disturbances with the distribution of mammals in Gabon (central Africa). Our study site was in an oil concession within a littoral mosaic landscape. We conducted surveys along 199 line transects and installed camera traps on 99 of these transects to document mammal presence and abundance. We used generalized linear mixed‐effect models to document associations between variables related to the ecosystem (land cover, topography, and hydrology), roads (coating, width of rights of way, condition, type of vehicle used on the road, traffic level, affiliation of users, and general type of road), and other human disturbances (urbanization, agriculture, hunting, logging, gathering, and industrial activities) and the abundance or presence of 17 species or groups of mammals including elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), buffalo (Syncerus caffer), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), smaller ungulates, gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), side‐striped jackal (Canis adustus), carnivores, monkeys, and large rodents. Some types of roads and other human disturbances were negatively associated with the abundance or presence of elephants, buffalos, gorillas, sitatungas, some monkeys, and duikers. The pattern of associations of mammals with roads and other human disturbances was diverse and included positive associations with road presence (red river hog, some monkeys, and duikers), agriculture (sitatunga, small carnivores, and large rodents) and industrial activities (sitatunga, red river hog, red duikers, and side‐striped jackal). Our results suggest that the community of mammals we studied was mostly affected by hunting, agriculture, and urbanization, which are facilitated by road presence. We recommend increased regulation of agriculture, hunting, and road building in the area. Distribución de una Comunidad de Mamíferos en Relación a Carreteras y Otras Perturbaciones Humanas en Gabón, Africa Central     

A multispecies test of source–sink indicators to prioritize habitat for declining populations

For species at risk of decline or extinction in source–sink systems, sources are an obvious target for habitat protection actions. However, the way in which source habitats are identified and prioritized can reduce the effectiveness of conservation actions. Although sources and sinks are conceptually defined using both demographic and movement criteria, simplifications are often required in systems with limited data. To assess the conservation outcomes of alternative source metrics and resulting prioritizations, we simulated population dynamics and extinction risk for 3 endangered species. Using empirically based habitat population models, we linked habitat maps with measured site‐ or habitat‐specific demographic conditions, movement abilities, and behaviors. We calculated source–sink metrics over a range of periods of data collection and prioritized consistently high‐output sources for conservation. We then tested whether prioritized patches identified the habitats that most affected persistence by removing them and measuring the population response. Conservation decisions based on different source–sink metrics and durations of data collection affected species persistence. Shorter time series obscured the ability of metrics to identify influential habitats, particularly in temporally variable and slowly declining populations. Data‐rich source–sink metrics that included both demography and movement information did not always identify the habitats with the greatest influence on extinction risk. In some declining populations, patch abundance better predicted influential habitats for short‐term regional persistence. Because source–sink metrics (i.e., births minus deaths; births and immigrations minus deaths and emigration) describe net population conditions and cancel out gross population counts, they may not adequately identify influential habitats in declining populations. For many nonequilibrium populations, new metrics that maintain the counts of individual births, deaths, and movement may provide additional insight into habitats that most influence persistence.     

舟山渔场及邻近海域桡足类种类组成和数量分布

根据2006年8月(夏)、2007年1月(冬)、5月(春)和11月(秋)4个季节在舟山渔场及邻近海域(29°30'~31°30'N,124°30'E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查所获得的资料,分析了该海域桡足类的种类组成和数量分布特征。结果表明,该次调查海域共鉴定桡足类65种,其中:4个季节皆出现的种类有10种,占总种数的15.38%。优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)、微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus paupe)和缘齿厚壳水蚤(Scolecithrix nicobarica)等10种。根据优势度和回归贡献分析表明,春、夏、秋、冬4个季节总丰度分布主要取决于中华哲水蚤、精致真刺水蚤、缘齿厚壳水蚤和微刺哲水蚤的分布,且优势种季节更替显著。桡足类丰度高值区位于不同水系交汇的混合水域,4个季节丰度平均值变化为春季(567.4 ind·m^-3)>夏季(104.12 ind·m^-3)>秋季(97.23 ind·m^-3)>冬季(72.45 ind·m^-3)。     

资源-环境双重约束下的区域生态效率的时序特征——以广西壮族自治区为例

为了探讨资源—环境双重约束下我国生态赤字地区资源环境绩效水平,利用生态脆弱指数和资源环境绩效指数（REPI）对地处珠江三角洲的广西资源环境绩效进行了系统分析和比较研究。结果表明：尽管资源环境绩效水平从2000年的72.4上升为2007年的116.1,但趋势并不明显,资源环境综合绩效水平在全国的第24—26位徘徊。综合绩效指数、SO2排放绩效指数、工业固体废弃物排放绩效指数和生物资源指数呈现＂N＂型变动,水污染指数下呈＂∧＂变动态势,大气污染指数呈现＂W＂型剧烈变动,生态承载力处于超载状态,生态脆弱性趋势没有明显改变。资源消耗和污染物排放的下降态势并不稳定。1995—2007年,广西区域环境水平呈下降趋势,区域环境水平和资源转化效率呈剧烈变动的下降趋势,抗逆水平和生态保护指数有所提高,土地资源指数呈现下降态势,排放强度指数下降明显,生态脆弱指数保持恒定,气候变异指数呈波浪状变动,环境治理指数呈剧烈变动。广西面临生态环境的整体不稳定性和对外力干预敏感性的双重压力。广西应发挥地处泛珠三角的地缘优势和辐射＂东盟＂的区位优势,加大结构调整和制度创新力度,缩短目前资源密集型的发展阶段,改善生态效率和承载力,提升广西在泛珠江三角洲地区的综合竞争力。     

云南地区种子植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的空间分布格局

植物区系地理分布格局的研究有助于更好地理解植物区系的起源、迁移和分化。研究利用覆盖云南地区全境的植物区系分布信息,探讨了云南地区植物区系属的多度及区系过渡性的地理分布格局。结果表明,所有热带区系属的多度均随着纬度升高呈递减趋势;大多数温带区系属的多度随着纬度的升高呈递增趋势。中亚分布(T13)属的多度的高值主要出现在滇西北地区,尤其是在金沙江、澜沧江和怒江的上游地区,但在其它地区十分少见。地中海、西亚至中亚分布(T12)属的多度的高值也出现在滇西北地区,但在其它地区无明显空间分布规律;中国特有分布(T15)属在滇西北地区最为丰富,其次是滇东南地区,大致以"田中线"为界,界线以西地区的中国植物特有属的多度明显低于界线以东地区。从南到北,植物区系过渡性基本上呈单调递增格局,这一格局的形成可能与区系成分的迁移和地形格局有关。大理州以南的低海拔地区,热带区系成分占据主导地位,并占据了云南大部分的土地面积,这在一定程度上证实了云南地区总体上是一个"热带山原"的假说。本研究与其它研究的不同可能源于与源数据和取样尺度的差异。     

九龙江下游河口水域抗生素及抗性细菌的分布

2011年8月和2012年5月对九龙江下游河口流域中的四环素和氟甲砜霉素的残留进行检测,显示这2种抗生素含量呈现明显的季节性,四环素(8月)和氟甲砜霉素(5月)的平均浓度分别为2.81ng/L和16.28ng/L.同时采用抗生素平板筛选培养法分析得出分析抗性细菌的丰度,得出2011年8月和2012年5月该海域中表层水样中四环素抗性细菌平+均丰度分别为1.14×105和8.41×103cells/mL,氟甲砜霉素抗性细菌的平均丰度分别为1.61×102cells/mL和5.88×102cells/mL.四环素抗性细菌的丰度明显高于氟甲砜霉素抗性细菌.2种抗生素抗性细菌的季节差异与抗生素含量的季节差异一致.2种抗生素抗性细菌的丰度与抗生素浓度均不具有显著相关性,显示九龙江流域水体中抗生素浓度不是决定抗性细菌的丰度的唯一因素.     

白洋淀水陆交错带N20还原酶基因（nosE）与反硝化活性的垂直分布研究

为深入剖析水陆交错带N2O释放热区的机理,选择白洋淀一处典型水陆交错带为研究对象。通过对其纵剖面（0～80cm）分层土壤样品的理化指标、反硝化速率（DNR）、N2O产生速率及N2O还原酶基因（NosZ）丰度和多样性的分析发现,在水陆交错带陆域纵剖面中,表层土壤（0～10cm）的反硝化速率（DNR）和N2O产生速率均最高,分别为65．8和9．41nmol·g^-1·h^-1（以N及dw计）;表层（0～10cm）和亚表层（10～20cm）土壤的nosZ基因丰度最高（分别为1．00×10^10genecopies·g^-1dw和9．23×10^9genecopies·g^-1dw）且没有显著性差异（p〈0．05）。生物多样性指数表明,表层土壤的nosZ基因生物多样性高于底层;在系统发育树中,表层和底层土壤的nosZ基因序列并没有明显的界限。Pearson相关性分析表明,在典型水陆交错带陆域纵剖面中,nosZ基因丰度与N2O／N2O＋N2）呈负相关关系（r=0．766,p〈0．05）,表明在水陆交错带区域nosZ基因丰度是N2O转化的指示指标。     

硝化污泥中AOB/NOB对硝化特性的影响

为了深入研究硝化污泥中AOB/NOB（A/N）对其硝化特性的影响,在两个SBR反应器中,通过控制单一基质,并结合影响因素控制和定期排泥,各自经过80个周期的运行,成功实现了AOB、NOB活性污泥的优化培养.依据Monod方程理论确定出AOB、NOB活性污泥中的丰度比约为1：1.不同A/N硝化特性的研究表明：亚硝化率、氨氧化速率、亚硝酸盐氧化速率以及好氧速率均受硝化污泥中A/N的影响,想要实现短程硝化的稳定运行必须使得A/N接近于1：0;氨氧化速率与硝化污泥中AOB的数量并不存在显著的正比关系;常规的生活污水硝化工艺中,A/N应不低于1：2;结合好氧速率的在线监测,当好氧速率趋于稳定时,指示短程硝化的启动已经接近完成.     

In situ Measurement of Daphnia longispina Grazing on Algae and Bacteria in a High Mountain Lake (Lake Paione Superiore,Northern Italy) using Fluorescently Labeled Cells

Grazing impact of Daphnia longispina on phytoplankton and bacteria in Lake Paione Superiore (Northern Italy) was evaluated using fluorescently labeled cells in short-term in situ experiments. Structure and size distribution of Daphnia were studied weekly from its appearance in July to its decline in September. Relative importance of algae and bacteria in the diet varied over time, as did consequently the relative impact of Daphnia on the phytoplankton and bacteria populations. Biomass of bacteria in the diet of Daphnia varied from 1 to 42%, and was highest at the beginning of population development when young individuals dominated. The percent biomass of algae in the diet increased with population development, ranging from 58 to 99%. Daphnia population consumed per hour 0.04–1.8% of bacteria and 0.3–17.6% of phytoplankton abundances.     

深圳湾海域浮游植物的生态特征

根据香港环境保护署2006年1～12月份深圳湾浮游植物的监测数据,分析了深圳湾海域浮游植物的植物群落结构的时空变化特征及浮游植物多样性指数与环境因子的关系.结果表明,2006年在深圳湾海域共鉴定出浮游植物27属34种,主要类群是硅藻,占总种数的52.94%,其次是甲藻,占总种数的29.41%,其他藻类占总种数的17.65%.浮游植物细胞丰度的年波动范围在2.13×106～4.15×106cells/L之间,平均值为2.92×106cells/L,并且在秋季(10月)最高,春季(5月)次之,呈明显的双周期变化特征,平面分布表现为由海湾中部向湾口处递减的格局.浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度偏低,其中多样性指数变化范围在0.76～2.52之间,均匀度范围在0.29～0.74之间,反映出种类间个体数分布欠均匀,群落结构稳定性差,优势种优势度明显.研究海区物种丰度整体水平较低,浮游植物物种丰度指数变化范围在0.57～2.17之间,这与深圳湾海域水质污染严重而导致该海域生态环境恶化有一定关系.研究还表明,营养盐、盐度和溶解氧与浮游植物多样性指数之间呈现显著相关关系.