金矿化系列丰度模型与区域资源评价

根据矿化系列的理论，研究成矿区的动力地质条件，定义一个金矿化系列的典型样品，求出矿化密度．建立金矿化丰度模型，讨论金矿资源定量评价方法，并给出一个区域金矿资源预测的应用实例。     

Multivariate bootstrap confidence regions for abundance vector using

Abundance vector estimation is a well investigated problem in statistical ecology. The use of simple random sampling with replacement or replicated sampling ensures good asymptotic properties of the abundance vector estimators. However, real surveys are based on small sample sizes, and assuming any specific distribution of the abundance vector estimator may be hazardous.In this paper we focus our attention on situations where the population is not too large and the sample size is small. We propose bootstrap multivariate confidence regions based on data depth. Data depth is a geometrical concept of ordering data from the center outwardly in higher dimensions. The Simplicial depth, the Tukey's depth and the Mahalanobis depth are presented. In order to build confidence regions in the presence of a skewed distribution of the abundance vector estimator, the use of Tukey's depth is suggested. The proposed method has been applied to the benthic community of Lake Lesina. A comparison with Mahalanobis depth and standard existing methods is reported.     

南岳森林群落生物多样性研究(Ⅵ)上封寺森林群落植物物种相对多度分布格局

本文应用几何级数分布、分割线段、对数级数分布和对数正态分布等4种模型研究了南岳上封寺森林群落植物物种相对多度的分布格局。结果表明,几何级数分布模型适宜拟合乔木层和草本层,而不适宜于灌木层;分割线段模型适宜于乔木层,其中,多度一频度模型还适于草本层;对数级数分布模型完全适宜于拟合任何层次;对数正态分布模型仅适宜于拟合乔木层。此外,α-指数值介于季雨林-稀树草原之间。     

Detecting Rare Species with Random or Subjective Sampling: a Case Study of Red-Listed Saproxylic Beetles in Boreal Sweden

Abstract:  Efficient sampling design in field studies is important for economical and statistical reasons. We compared two ways to distribute sampling effort over an area, either randomly or subjectively. We searched for red-listed saproxylic (wood-living) beetles in 30 spruce stands in boreal Sweden by sifting wood from dead trees. We randomly selected positions within each stand with a geographic positioning system and sampled the nearest dead tree (random sample). In the same stand we also sampled dead trees that, based on literature, were likely to host such species (subjective sampling). The subjective sampling (two to five samples per stand, depending on stand size) was compared with the higher, random sampling effort (fixed level of 12 samples/stand). Subjective sampling was significantly more efficient. Red-listed species were found in 36% of the subjective samples and in 16% of the random samples. Nevertheless, the larger random effort resulted in a comparable number of red-listed species per stand and in 13 detected species in total (vs. 12 species with subjective sampling). Random sampling was less efficient, but provided an unbiased alternative more suitable for statistical purposes, as needed in, for example, monitoring programs. Moreover, new species-specific knowledge can be gained through random searches.     

Efficient species-level monitoring at the landscape scale

Monitoring the population trends of multiple animal species at a landscape scale is prohibitively expensive. However, advances in survey design, statistical methods, and the ability to estimate species presence on the basis of detection-nondetection data have greatly increased the feasibility of species-level monitoring. For example, recent advances in monitoring make use of detection-nondetection data that are relatively inexpensive to acquire, historical survey data, and new techniques in genetic evaluation. The ability to use indirect measures of presence for some species greatly increases monitoring efficiency and reduces survey costs. After adjusting for false absences, the proportion of sample units in a landscape where a species is detected (occupancy) is a logical state variable to monitor. Occupancy monitoring can be based on real-time observation of a species at a survey site or on evidence that the species was at the survey location sometime in the recent past. Temporal and spatial patterns in occupancy data are related to changes in animal abundance and provide insights into the probability of a species' persistence. However, even with the efficiencies gained when occupancy is the monitored state variable, the task of species-level monitoring remains daunting due to the large number of species. We propose that a small number of species be monitored on the basis of specific management objectives, their functional role in an ecosystem, their sensitivity to environmental changes likely to occur in the area, or their conservation importance.     

施肥对农田土壤抗生素抗性基因影响的整合分析

探讨施肥措施对农田土壤中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的影响,为了解和掌握农田土壤中ARGs的来源与积累特征,制定保障生态环境安全和人类健康的管理策略提供科学依据.通过收集近20年(2000～2020年)来已发表的文献,获得独立实验条件下农田土壤ARGs数量和相对丰度匹配数据215组和201组.结果表明,与不施肥相比,配施...     

Habitat Fragmentation and Species Loss across Three Interacting Trophic Levels: Effects of Life-History and Food-Web Traits

Abstract:  Not all species are likely to be equally affected by habitat fragmentation; thus, we evaluated the effects of size of forest remnants on trophically linked communities of plants, leaf-mining insects, and their parasitoids. We explored the possibility of differential vulnerability to habitat area reduction in relation to species-specific and food-web traits by comparing species–area regression slopes. Moreover, we searched for a synergistic effect of these traits and of trophic level . We collected mined leaves and recorded plant, leaf miner, and parasitoid species interactions in five 100-m² transects in 19 Chaco Serrano woodland remnants in central Argentina. Species were classified into extreme categories according to body size, natural abundance, trophic breadth, and trophic level . Species–area slopes differed between groups with extreme values of natural abundance or trophic specialization. Nevertheless, synergistic effects of life-history and food-web traits were only found for trophic level and trophic breadth: area-related species loss was highest for specialist parasitoids. It has been suggested that species position within interaction webs could determine their vulnerability to extinction. Our results provide evidence that food-web parameters, such as trophic level and trophic breadth, affect species sensitivity to habitat fragmentation .     

纳米金、银对氨氧化细菌及其氨氧化作用的影响

为明晰纳米金、银对环境中氨氧化细菌(AOB)的氨氧化作用影响机制,本文通过对驯化培养河口湿地表层沉积物所得到的氨氧化细菌(AOB)富集培养物进行纳米材料不同浓度的处理试验,测定氨氮、亚硝氮浓度和氨氧化速率的变化特征,并利用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术和qPCR方法分析不同试验中AOB的多样性与丰度信息,确定纳米金、银对氨氧化速率、氨氧化细菌多样性与丰度的影响规律.结果表明,纳米银对环境中氨氮的转化具有浓度抑制效应,随着浓度增加,氨氧化平均速率越低,氨氮转化越少.纳米银处理之间的氨氧化平均速率同氨氧化细菌(AOB)的香农与辛普森多样性指数、amoA基因丰度存在显著正相关关系.因而纳米银对环境中氨氧化作用的抑制效应主要通过其杀菌能力影响了氨氧化菌的多样性和丰度而起作用.纳米金氨氧化平均速率则和AOB的多样性指数以及amoA基因丰度均无显著相关.纳米金对氨氧化细菌、氨氧化速率却不呈现浓度抑制效应,甚至出现略微促进氨氧化作用的趋势.DNA测序结果发现实验的氨氧化细菌都属于b-Proteobacteria,同Nitrosospira、Nitrosomonas亲源性较近.环境中的氨氧化微生物种类复杂,环境条件多变.不同纳米材料是如何影响氨氧化微生物进而影响氨氧化作用,仍需进行深入研究.     

Disturbance of the Macroinvertebrate communities of bank-root biotope of a river in southern Nigeria

The impact of disturbance on the macroinvertebrate community was investigated in the biotope of a river catchment area. A total of 56 and 18 taxa were recorded at Stations 1 and 2, accounting for 71 and 29% individual organisms, respectively. Twelve taxa were common at both stations. Baetidae (Ephemeroptera) constituted the predominant group with the 46% density at the upstream biotope of Station 1, whereas, family Hydrobidae (Mollusca) dominated numerically the downstream Station 2. Data revealed that months of sampling at stations significantly influenced the occurrence and abundance of the major groups. Three distinct patterns of seasonal affiliation among the benthos were observed. Monthly variation in species diversity occurred. The macroinvertebrate community was affected by disturbances at the downstream bank-root biotope, limiting the occurrence of life forms to a few adaptable groups.     

Carabids in a Spring Wheat Agrocenosis to the South of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Effect of Insecticide Treatment on Their Populations

Species composition, community structure, and seasonal population dynamics of carabids in spring wheat fields were studied in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg. In addition, the effects of crop treatment with the pyrethroid insecticide Decis on carabid populations was analyzed. The results showed that the numbers, species diversity, and the prevalence of certain trophic groups of carabids changed during the season. After the treatment of small areas with Decis, the number of carabids in catches decreased for a short period of time. During the second and third weeks after the treatment, the numbers of carabids increased above the control level. The structural rearrangement of the carabid community was observed in the areas treated with the insecticide.