基于冠层多维光谱的水稻镉污染胁迫诊断模型研究

鉴于镉对水稻各种生理特征参数的影响具有复杂隐蔽性,导致冠层光谱特征变化微小,需要采用一些方法增强和提取隐含在光谱中的污染弱信息.在水稻冠层高光谱数据和各种实测生化参数的支持下,利用主成分分析、独立分量分析和分形分析技术从高光谱遥感数据中提取镉污染弱信息,获取水稻镉污染敏感光谱因子,包括第一主成分F1、独立分量ICA1和光谱分维D.利用3个敏感因子分别构建水稻镉污染一维诊断模型,获得较好的诊断效果.进一步将3个光谱因子进行组合构建二维诊断模型和三维诊断模型,使污染胁迫诊断结果更稳定直观.     

Application of chemometrics methods for the estimation of heavy metals contamination in river sediments

The concentration and speciation of six heavy metals in sediments of eight sampling sites of Haihe River were investigated. The metals, namely Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, Mn and Pb were considered. By using sequential extraction(SE), the total metals were divided into five fractions: exchangeable, carbonate bound, iron/manganese oxide bound, sulfides and organic matter fraction and residual fraction. A multivariate statistical approach( principal component analysis, PCA) was used to evaluate the contamination of heavy metals by the total levels and chemical forms, respectively. The results showed that the total metals concentration(TMC) could not provide sufficient and accurate information because the mobility, bioavailabllity and toxicity of metals depend not only on their total concentration but also on the physicochemical form in which they occur.     

零价铁修复土壤及地下水的PRB技术

零价铁可渗活性栅(Fe0-PRB)技术,被证明是一项修复由卤代烃、卤代芳烃和有机氯农药以及一些有毒金属(如铬、硒、铀、砷和锝等)引起的土壤及地下水污染的有效技术。本文介绍了零价铁还原脱氯的机理以及影响反应速率的因素;进一步讨论了国内外利用零价铁修复受污染土壤及地下水的研究现状和发展趋势。     

安徽省资源、环境、经济系统协调发展评价

以系统科学思想为基础，根据1990-2005年间安徽省的资源、环境与经济发展的实际情况，构建了一套分层次的协调发展评价指标体系，并运用主成分方法、坎蒂雷赋权法将相应层次的指标进行综合，根据协调发展的含义建立数学模型，从协调度、协调发展度、协调发展趋势指数的角度定量分析了安徽省资源、环境、经济系统协调发展的状况。该研究思路可作为其它地区在进行同类分析时提供参考。     

An integrated off-on line approach for increasing stability and effectiveness of automated controlled systems based on pump dependability—case study: Offshore industry

Automated controlled systems are vulnerable to faults. Faults can be amplified by the closed loop control systems and they can develop into malfunction of the loop. A control loop failure will easily cause production stop or malfunction at a petrochemical plant. A way to achieve a stable and effective automated system is to enhance equipment dependability. This paper presents a standard methodology for the analysis and improvement of pump performance to enhance total operational effectiveness and stability in offshore industry based on dependability. Furthermore, it is shown how a reliability–safety analysis can be conducted through equipment dependability indicators to facilitate the mitigation of hazard frequency in a plant. The main idea is to employ principle component analysis (PCA) and importance analysis (IA) to provide insight on the pumps performance. The pumps of offshore industries are considered according to OREDA classification. The approach identifies the critical pump and their fault through which the major hazards could initiate in the process. At first PCA is used for assessing the performance of the pumps and ranking them. IA is then performed for the worst pump which could have most impact on the overall system effectiveness to classify their components based on the component criticality measures (CCM). The analysis of the classified components can ferret out the leading causes and common-cause events to pave a way toward improving pump performance through design optimization and online fault detection which ultimately enhance overall operational effectiveness.     

江苏省道路交通安全评价研究

笔者利用历年江苏省道路交通事故基本数据进行指标筛选,对道路交通安全状况采用灰色理论和主成分分析相结合的评价方法。从宏观角度,应用灰色聚类评价理论,对江苏省历年来道路安全发展趋势;横向结合统计软件SPSS采用主成分分析法,构造综合评价指标,比较研究江苏省各城市道路安全现状。新方法从纵向和横向对江苏省道路交通安全形势进行了较为全面的分析,取得较为满意的效果。     

Regeneration of industrial district wastewater using a combination of Fenton process and ion exchange—A case study

Regeneration studies of wastewater effluent from an organized industrial district (OID) for possible reuse in textile industry as process water was investigated. Advanced treatment methods including Fenton process, polyaluminium chloride (PAC) coagulation and ion exchange were applied on OID effluent. In Fenton process removal efficiencies for suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), SAC₄₃₆ (spectral absorption coefficient), SAC₅₂₅ and SAC₆₂₀ were determined 61%, 36%, 35%, 49% and 67%, respectively. After Fenton process, wastewater samples were coagulated with PAC. Optimum removal efficiencies for SS, COD, Fe ion, SAC₄₃₆, SAC₅₂₅ and SAC₆₂₀ were determined 83%, 18%, 93%, 32%, 36% and 58%, respectively. Ion exchange experiments were conducted on chemically coagulated wastewater samples to improve the quality of wastewater. Optimum dosage of resins was determined. The experiments revealed that 1:1 resin ratio (20 mL H-type resin:20 mL OH-type resin) gave the best removal rates for the parameters considered in this study. Study results indicated that quality of the wastewater was suitable for the process water characteristics of textile industry and unit wastewater treatment cost was determined as 2.54 €/m³.     

大专院校取水定额编制方法研究

定额管理是节水管理工作中一种比较科学的管理方法,也是节水管理的必然发展趋势。文章阐述了编制取水定额所应遵循的基本原则,结合大专院校的行业用水特点,综合运用相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等统计分析方法,建立了一套制定大专院校取水定额标准的科学体系。该体系具有科学性、实用性和灵活性。运用该体系编制了武汉市大专院校的分类取水定额标准,对于加强城市大专院校行业的节水管理,提高大专院校节水水平具有重要的指导意义,同时对于编制城市其它行业的取水定额具有一定的参考价值。     

重庆市能源消费影响因素分析

能源是国民经济、社会发展的基础和战略资源,能源问题已经成为经济社会可持续发展的刚性约束问题。节能减排是重庆市全面落实科学发展观、转变经济增长方式、建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的一项重要举措。能源消费量的预测对节能减排工作有着重要的意义,针对能源预测中的因素确定问题,利用主成分分析法来确定能源消费的主要影响因素以便能源消费量的预测。对重庆市能源消费影响因素进行定量分析,研究重庆市能源消费的主要影响因素。     

鲁豫黄河沿线县域经济发展和居住环境差异研究

县级行政区人口占全国人口比重大约70％,改善县城人居环境对于加快中国城镇化进程,提高城市化水平具有重要作用。通过选择具有代表性的人居环境指标,采用主成分和聚类分析方法对鲁豫黄河沿线的12个县域进行了综合评价,分析了各县人居环境现状差异。通过量化比较和综合分析,发现研究区域发展不均衡性明显。主成分分析表明,前三个主成分分别代表人口、经济和财政情况,是影响居住环境的关键因素。通过聚类分析把县城发展程度分为三类。结合实地考察的成果,分析区域差异存在的原因,提出一些改善现状的建议。