垃圾填埋场构造对渗滤液成分的影响研究

通过对厌氧和半好氧填埋的渗滤液成分的分析,发现半好氧填埋的渗滤液中有机物浓度降低最快,尤其是氨氮含量大大低于厌氧填埋。因此,半好氧填埋有利于渗滤液的处理。      

Ecological network and emergy analysis of urban metabolic systems: Model development,and a case study of four Chinese cities

Analysis of the structure and function of urban metabolic systems is an important goal of urban research. We used network pathways and network utility analysis to analyze the basic network structure of the urban metabolic system and the complex ecological relationships within the system, providing a new way to perform such research. Using four Chinese cities as examples, we developed an ecological network model of the urban metabolic system. By using network pathway analysis, we studied the changing relationships between metabolic length and the number of metabolic pathways, and between metabolic length and reachability. Based on the distribution of the number of metabolic pathways, we describe the basic structure and intercompartment relationships of the system. By using the sign distribution in the network utility matrix, we determined the ecological relationships and degree of mutualism between the compartments of the system. The basic components of the system consisted of the internal environment, the external environment, and the agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors. With increasing metabolic length, the ecological relationships among the components of the system became more diverse, and the numbers of metabolic paths and their reachability improved. Although the basic network structure of the four cities was identical, the mutualism index differed. Beijing's mutualism index was superior to that of Shanghai, and much higher than those of Tianjin and Chongqing. By analyzing the structure and function of the urban metabolic system, we provide suggestions for optimizing the structure and adjusting the relationships, and propose methods for the application of ecological network analysis in future urban system research.     

垃圾热值及成分变化对焚烧炉的影响

通过慈溪中科众茂环保热电有限公司,处理量为500 t/d循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉热量平衡方程和原始热力计算程序,探讨了垃圾热值变化对焚烧炉运行的影响。结果表明:焚烧炉运行过程中垃圾热值变化对锅炉运行产生明显的影响,当垃圾热值减少10.7%时,需要的入炉垃圾量和生成的炉膛烟气量均增加12%,这样不但增加风机负荷,而且垃圾水分的增加会降低入炉热量的有效利用率。     

Concentrations of chlorine, bromine and iodine in Japanese rivers

Concentrations of halogens (Cl, Br and I) in 30 Japanese rivers were measured by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to understand their behavior in the terrestrial environment. Concentrations of Cl, Br and I in each river, obtained at 10 sampling points from the upper stream to the river mouth, tended to increase near the river mouth. The ranges of geometric means of Cl, Br and I in each river were 1.0–19.4 mg l⁻¹, 2.5–67.9 μg l⁻¹, and 0.18–8.34 μg l⁻¹, respectively. To compare halogen behavior, the concentration ratios, Br/Cl and I/Cl, were calculated. The Br/Cl range was (2.3–7.8) × 10⁻³ (geometric mean: 3.74 × 10⁻³), and it was nearly constant except for the Yoneshiro river. It was estimated that 60–80% of total Br in the middle to lower parts of this river was the excess Br. The Br chemical form in all the rivers is generally considered to be Br⁻. The I/Cl ratios had different trends in rivers flowing into the Japan Sea and Pacific Ocean, possibly due to the different geological features in the river catchments.     

洞庭湖水质因子的多元分析

年1—12月在洞庭湖湖区采集360个水样,测定pH、ρ(DO)、ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₃-N)、ρ(TN)、粪大肠菌群及ρ(Chla). 采用主成分分析法对采样断面水质因子进行分析. 结果表明:虞公庙、鹿角断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(DO)、ρ(BOD₅)、ρ(TP)、ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(TN)、ρ(NH₃-N)及ρ(Chla);南嘴、目平湖、横岭湖和万子湖断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(TP);小河嘴断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(TP)、ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(Chla);东洞庭湖断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(BOD₅)和ρ(Chla);岳阳楼和洞庭湖出口断面水质主要影响因子为ρ(DO)、ρ(COD_Mn)、ρ(COD_Cr)、ρ(NH₃-N)和ρ(TN). 主成分综合得分对各断面水体受污染程度排序为虞公庙>鹿角>东洞庭湖>岳阳楼>洞庭湖出口>南嘴>横岭湖>目平湖>小河嘴>万子湖.      

Comparison of explosion parameters for Methane–Air mixture in different cylindrical flameproof enclosures

Flameproof enclosures having internal electrical components are generally used in classified hazardous areas such as underground coalmines, refineries and places where explosive gas atmosphere may be formed. Flameproof enclosure can withstand the pressure developed during an internal explosion of an explosive mixture due to electrical arc, spark or hot surface of internal electrical components. The internal electrical component of a flameproof enclosure can form ignition source and also work as an obstacle in the explosion wave propagation. The ignition source position and obstacle in a flameproof enclosure have significant effect on explosion pressure development and rate of explosion pressure rise. To study this effect three cylindrical flameproof enclosures with different diameters and heights are chosen to perform the experiment. The explosive mixture used for the experiment is stoichiometric composition of methane in air at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature.It is observed that the development of maximum explosion pressure (P_max) and maximum rate of explosion pressure rise (dp/dt)_ex in a cylindrical flameproof enclosure are influenced by the position of ignition source, presence of internal metal or non-metal obstacles (component). The severity index, K_G is also calculated for the cylindrical enclosures and found that it is influenced by position of ignition source as well as blockage ratios (BR) of the obstacles in the enclosures.     

Multielement techniques for determination of Inorganics in Watert†

Several analytical techniques offer the capability of simultaneously determining 5–40 elements. Of those techniques available, two are receiving extensive attention for analysis of water samples. Optical emission spectrometry utilizing plasma excitation has now evolved to a status in which 20–40 elements can be simultaneously determined on a routine basis. Instrumentation which relies on ion exchange chromatography separations is available which allows the routine determination of several cationic and/or anionic species.

The present discussion will briefly describe each of the above multielement analysis systems, summarize their respective capabilities and limitations with respect to water analysis, and project areas of future development.     

Concentrations of some elements in the sediments of a river in Anhui Province,China

A total of 49 sediment samples from New Bian River near the city of Suzhou in northern Anhui Province, China, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry for As, Cr, Pb, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Ni. Geoaccumulation indices (I_geo) were used to assess the influence of human activities. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were also performed. The geoaccumulation indices were in the order of As > Cu > Cr > Ni > Mn > Zn > Pb > Fe, the first four of which had values above 0.5. We considered New Bian River to be moderately contaminated with As, Cr, Cu, and Ni. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis indicated that the presence of Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, and Pb in New Bian River was caused by soil or rock weathering, whereas the elevated levels of As and Cr depended upon urban, agricultural, and industrial factors. The sampling stations around the towns were dominated by Component 2 (As and Cr), and the sampling stations that distributed along New Bian River were dominated by Component 1 (Fe, Cu, Ni, Mn, Zn, and Pb).     

Nutrient distribution in locations of the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic sea) suspected of pollution

Nutrients (ammonium‐nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate and dissolved silica) as well as some chemical‐physical parameters (temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and total suspended matter) were determined in filtered seawater samples taken at the surface, at middle depth and at the bottom, in 6 open‐sea locations of the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic Sea) close to pipeline exits that discharge wastewaters from treatment plants. The collected data allow a comparison of the quality of these open‐sea waters with coastal waters and constitute a reference for successive monitoring in these locations suspected of pollution. A multivariate statistical analysis by the principal component method shows that the considered ecosystem can be modeled with two factors: the first one is referenced to the marine environment, in particular to the decomposition of the organic debris in deep water; whereas the second factor is referenced to the input of freshwaters in the Gulf, driving nitrates from agricultural lands.     

Assessment of heavy metals in a soil contaminated by oil spill: a case study in Nigeria

Surface and subsurface soil samples contaminated with crude oils were collected from an impacted site at Bodo City in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, after a field reconnaissance survey. An uncontaminated soil sample collected 100 m from the impacted site, but within the same geographical area, was used as a control. Trace elements such as, As, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Pb, Ba, Ni, V, Hg and cation-exchange capacity constituents of the contaminated and uncontaminated soils were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Trace element concentrations were: Cu, 0.5–13.4 mg kg^{? 1}; Cr, 0.2–0.8 mg kg^{? 1}; Fe, 6.2–8.7 mg kg^{? 1}; Ba 80.0–108.0 mg kg^{? 1}; Ni, 0.6–4.8 mg kg^{? 1}; and V, 4.0–9.4 mg kg^{? 1}; cation-exchange capacity ranged from 43.6 to 57.2 mg kg^{? 1} in surface and subsurface soils. Results showed that eigenvalues for the two first principal components represent up to 49% of the total variance. A positive correlation of the first principal component with Cu, Cr and cation-exchange capacity shows pollution from oil spillage, while a positive correlation of the second principal component with Cr, Fe, V, and dissolved oxygen (DO) shows both oil pollution and allochthonous inputs.