川中丘陵区农田源头沟渠玉米季中氧化亚氮排放及其影响因素

农田周边的排水沟渠不仅是农田养分迁移的重要通道,也是氮转化非常活跃的场所和潜在的氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放源.本研究以川中丘陵区农田源头沟渠为对象,在6~9月的玉米季(雨季),采用静态箱-气相色谱法对其N_2O排放开展原位观测.结果表明,在整个观测期有自然植被覆盖的沟渠生态系统(V)N_2O累积排放量(以N计)为0.43 kg·hm~(-2),而无自然植被覆盖的对照处理(NV,代表沟渠中的沉积物-水界面系统)则为0.07 kg·hm~(-2).该沟渠生态系统的N_2O平均排放通量[14.7μg·(m~2·h)-1]已达到本地区玉米农田直接排放的水平,表明玉米季中农田源头沟渠是不容忽视的N_2O源.川中丘陵区雨季丰富的降雨径流携带大量农田硝态氮进入沟渠,促进N_2O产生和排放,此外,植物的存在可大幅度提高农田沟渠的N_2O间接排放系数(V:0.05%vs.NV:0.01%).由于本研究的N_2O间接排放系数远低于2006年IPCC建议的缺省值(0.25%),如果仅采用IPCC缺省值来估算本地区沟渠生态系统的N_2O排放,可能导致较大误差.未来研究中应对原位观测多予以重视,为进一步修正其缺省值提供理论依据.     

Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems

The qualified finished water from water treatment plants (WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.     

海螺沟冰川退缩区中铬的分布、累积与来源

以青藏高原海螺沟冰川退缩区为研究对象,借助其长达160a的植被演替序列,探讨Cr的时空分布和累积循环特征,并解析其潜在来源。结果表明,退缩区C层土壤Cr含量为(155.17±32.68)mg/kg,显著高于O层(48.23±10.21)mg/kg(P<0.05)。随着植被的演替,O层土壤Cr含量随淋溶作用的增强而逐渐降低。在植被系统中,各演替阶段优势种对Cr均无显著富集特征(ω<1)。此外,土壤是冰川退缩区生态系统的主要Cr库(2269.90±234.57)mg/m²,而各样地O层土壤Cr储量约为植被的9~20倍。随着演替的进行,土壤有机质含量升高而植被的“归还作用”减弱,导致Oi、Oe层土壤Cr储量逐渐减小而Oa层和植物Cr储量逐渐增大。研究发现,“高循环强度-低吸收利用”为冰川退缩区生态系统中Cr的主要循环策略。根据主成分解析结果,贡嘎山土壤Cr以母质土壤风化来源为主(68.89%),而大气沉降对其影响并不显著。     

The risks of sulfur addition on cadmium accumulation in paddy rice under different water-management conditions

Recently, the application of sulfur (S) has been recommended to control the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice in contaminated paddy soil. However, the effects of exogenous S on Cd transfer in paddy rice systems under different water-management practices have not been systematically investigated. Pot experiments were performed to monitor the composition of soil pore water and the Cd accumulation in iron plaque and rice tissue were compared under different S (0 and 200 mg/kg Na₂SO₄) and water (continuous and discontinuous flooding) treatments. Sulfur application significantly increased Cd concentrations in soil pore water under discontinuous flooding conditions, but slightly reduced them under continuous flooding. Moreover, the oxidation/reduction potential (Eh) was the most critical factor that affected the Cd levels. When the Eh exceeded −42.5 mV, S became the second critical factor, and excessive S application promoted Cd dissolution. In addition, S addition elevated the Cd levels in iron plaque and reduced the Cd transfer from the iron plaque to rice roots. In rice, S addition inhibited Cd transfer from the rice roots to the straw; thus, more Cd was stored in the rice roots. Nevertheless, additional S application increased the Cd content in the rice grains by 72% under discontinuous flooding, although this effect was mitigated by continued flooding. Under simulated practical water management conditions, S addition increased the risk of Cd contamination in rice, suggesting that S application should be reconsidered as a paddy fertilization strategy.     

Modeling iron release from cast iron pipes in an urban water distribution system caused by source water switch

Significant iron release from cast iron pipes in water distribution systems (WDSs), which usually occurs during the source water switch period, is a great concern of water utilities because of the potential occurrence of “red water” and customer complaints. This study developed a new method which combined in-situ water stagnation experiments with mathematical models and numerical simulations to predict the iron release caused by source water switch. In-situ water stagnation experiments were conducted to determine the total iron accumulation in nine cast iron pipes in-service in Beijing when switching the local water to treated Danjiangkou Reservior water. Results showed that the difference in the concentration increment of total iron in 24 hr (ΔCI_TI,24), i.e. short-term iron release, caused by source water switch was mainly dependent on the difference in the key quality parameters (pH, hardness, nitrate, Larson Ratio and dissolved oxygen (DO)) between the two source waters. The iron release rate (R_Fe) after switch, i.e. long-term iron release, was closely related to the pipe properties as well as the DO and total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations. Mathematical models of ΔCI_TI,24 and R_Fe were developed to quantitatively reveal the relationship between iron release and the key quality parameters. The R_Fe model could successfully combine with EPANET-MSX, a numerical simulator of water quality for WDSs to extend the iron release modeling from pipe level to network level. The new method is applicable to predicting iron release during source water switch, thus facilitating water utilities to take preventive actions to avoid “red water”.     

采用Pt、Dy改性粘结层的铈酸镧/氧化锆双陶瓷层抗氧化行为研究

目的研究Pt、Dy改性粘结层的铈酸镧/氧化锆双陶瓷层的抗氧化行为。方法采用电镀+EB-PVD的方式在高温合金表面制备带有Pt、Dy掺杂NiAl粘结层的热障涂层(Thermal Barrier Coatings TBCs)。采用双陶瓷层结构设计,顶层为铈酸镧(La_2Ce_2O_7),底层为氧化锆(YSZ)。对涂层在1200℃条件下的热循环行为、微观组织以及失效机制进行了研究。结果经过500次循环后,不掺杂涂层YSZ层与热生长氧化物(TGO)处出现了大量裂纹,Pt/Dy共掺杂的涂层经过1000次循环后界面处结合良好,仅仅是在La_2Ce_2O_7陶瓷顶层中出现了少量的微裂纹。结论在粘结层中加入Pt元素,能有效抑制互扩散区难溶相的析出,延缓涂层的蜕化。     

Modeling the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper Chesapeake Bay

In this paper we investigate the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in the euphotic zone at a station in the upper Chesapeake Bay using a new mass-based ecosystem model. Important features of the model are: (1) carbon and nitrogen are incorporated by means of a set of fixed and varying C:N ratios; (2) dissolved organic matter (DOM) is separated into labile, semi-labile, and refractory pools for both C and N; (3) the production and consumption of DOM is treated in detail; and (4) seasonal observations of light, temperature, nutrients, and surface layer circulation are used to physically force the model. The model reasonably reproduces the mean observed seasonal concentrations of nutrients, DOM, plankton biomass, and chlorophyll a. The results suggest that estuarine DOM production is intricately tied to the biomass concentration, ratio, and productivity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, viruses, and bacteria. During peak spring productivity phytoplankton exudation and zooplankton sloppy feeding are the most important autochthonous sources of DOM. In the summer when productivity peaks again, autochthonous sources of DOM are more diverse and, in addition to phytoplankton exudation, important ones include viral lysis and the decay of detritus. The potential importance of viral decay as a source of bioavailable DOM from within the bulk DOM pool is also discussed. The results also highlight the importance of some poorly constrained processes and parameters. Some potential improvements and remedies are suggested. Sensitivity studies on selected parameters are also reported and discussed.     

Utilising of the oiled rolling mills scale in iron ore sintering process

Up to 5% of steel is lost with the scale at hot rolling operation. This waste contains 69-72% of iron in the form of oxides. However, its recycling is confronted with presence of up to 20% of oil and 10% of water. E.g. when the oiled scale is introduced as an additive to the iron ore sintering mixture, incomplete combustion of liberated oil at heating during sintering process creates problems for gas cleaning and may even lead to damage of the equipment. A possibility to improve combustion of the scale's oil at the sintering process by preparation of a mixture with peat was shown in the laboratory experiments. Industrial trials demonstrate possibility to increase the oil combustion degree at sintering 2.7 times as much. Consumption of the oiled scale was increased from zero to 12.8 kg (in a form of scale-peat blend) per ton of sinter, which allows for closing the loop of this waste at the integrated steelmaking factory.     

Efficient degradation of drug ibuprofen through catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate by Fe3C embedded on carbon

Ibuprofen(IBU),a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug,is becoming an important member of pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)as emerging pollutants.To degrade IBU,magnetic Fe_3C nanoparticles embedded on N-doped carbon(Fe_3C/NC)were prepared as a catalyst by a sol–gel combustion method.As characterized,the Fe_3C/NC nanoparticles were composed of a NC nano-sheet and capsulated Fe_3C particles on the sheet.The Fe_3C/NC nanoparticles were confirmed an efficient catalyst for peroxymonosulfate(PMS)activation to generate sulfate radicals(SO_4~(·-)),single oxygen(~1O_2)and hydroxyl radicals(·OH)toward the degradation of IBU.The added IBU(10 mg/L)was almost completely removed in 30 min by using 0.1 g/L Fe_3C/NC and 2 g/L PMS.The catalyst was confirmed to have good ability and excellent reusability through leaching measurements and cycle experiments.A catalytic mechanism was proposed for the catalytic activation of PMS on Fe_3C/NC,which involves both Fe_3C reactive sites and N-doped carbon matrix as reactive sites in Fe_3C/NC.Moreover,the degradation pathway of IBU in the Fe_3C/NC-PMS system was proposed according to the detections of degradation intermediates.     

Ciprofloxacin degradation in photo-Fenton and photo-catalytic processes: Degradation mechanisms and iron chelation

Ciprofloxacin(CIP)is a broad spectrum synthetic antibiotic drug of fluoroquinolones class.CIP can act as a bidentate ligand forming iron complexes during its degradation in the photoFenton process(PFP).This work investigates on PFP for the degradation of CIP to understand the formation mechanism and stability of iron complexes under ultraviolet(UV)-light illumination.A comparison was made with the UV-photocatalysis(UV/TiO_2)process where CIP doesn't form a complex.In PFP,the optimal dose of Fe~(2+)and H_2O_2were found to be 1.25 and10 mmol/L with pH of 3.5.An optimal TiO_2dose of 1.25 g/L was determined in the UV/TiO_2process.Maximum CIP removal and mineralization efficiency of 93.1%and 47.3%were obtained in PFP against 69.7%and 27.6%in the UV/TiO_2process.The mass spectra could identify seventeen intermediate products including iron-CIP complexes in PFP,and only seven intermediate products were found in the UV/TiO_2process with a majority of common products in both the processes.The proposed mechanism supported by the mass spectra bridged the routes of CIP cleavage in the PFP and UV/TiO_2process,and the decomposition pathway of Fe~(3+)-CIP chelate complexes in PFP was also elucidated.Both in PFP and UV/TiO_2processes,the target site of HO~·radical attack was the secondary-N atom present in the piperazine ring of the CIP molecule.The death of Escherichia coli bacteria was 55.7%and 66.8%in comparison to the control media after 45 min of treatment in PFP and UV/TiO_2process,respectively.