三峡小江回水区氮素赋存形态与季节变化特点

氮素是浮游植物生长的关键生源要素之一,本研究对2007年3月～2008年3月三峡小江回水区水中氮素的跟踪观测结果进行总结,分析不同形态氮素季节变化过程与相对组成特点.研究期间,回水区TN的平均浓度为(1?553±43) μg·L^-1,季节差异显著但总体呈上升趋势.DIN平均浓度为(1?031±32) μg·L^-1,占TN平均浓度的66.38%,是该水域氮素的主要赋存形态,其中NO^-₃-N含量较高说明小江回水区总体上处于较强氧化环境且自净能力较强.DON、PON平均浓度分别为(273±23) μg·L^-1、(249±23) μg·L^-1,占TN的26.48%和24.15%;DON/PON比值为3.63±0.93,说明该水域氮素代谢强度与周转速率较高.小江回水区DIN在TN中所占比重从2007年3月约占TN的80%逐渐下降到2008年春季约占TN的60%,而TON在TN中的比重则相应上升,说明氮素赋存形态向有机态转变的趋势明显;而对DIN-TN和TON-TN的log-log线性模型斜率比较发现TON对TN的贡献将随TN浓度的升高而增大,表明该水域营养水平有升高的趋势.NH⁺₄-N/NO^-₃-N同TON/TN存在显著正相关关系,说明TON相对丰度的增加有可能使水体向还原性环境转变.同时NH⁺₄-N相对丰度的变化同水中DON含量及其在TN中所占比重关系密切,但该水域DON氨化降解成NH⁺₄-N并再次被利用的内循环过程是否存在或会否成为调控氮素循环的关键过程有待更深入的研究.     

怀柔山地油松林氮、磷、硫生物--地球化学循环的研究

海河流域怀柔山地油松林生态系统N,P,S元素生物地球化学循环研究结果表明,生态系统氮素输入输出基本平衡。氮素、磷素在未来一段时间内将在植物凋落层中累积,硫则在凋落物层、土壤中累积。这种情况形成了城市郊区森林生态系统元素循环的独特特性。     

Effects of iron (hydr)oxides on the degradation of diethyl phthalate ester in heterogeneous (photo)-Fenton reactions

This work studied the structural effects of hematite(α-Fe2 O3), 2-line ferrihydrite(HFO) and goethite(α-FeOOH) on diethyl phthalate ester(DEP) degradation. The results showed that the degradation of DEP was faster under 365 nm light irradiation than in the dark in the presence of iron(hydr)oxides. The apparent kinetic rates of DEP degradation followed the order HFO goethite ≈ hematite in the dark and HFO hematite goethite under 365 nm light irradiation. Two pathways governed H2 O2 decomposition efficiency on iron(hydr)oxide surfaces:(1) forming UOH on inherent surface hydroxyl groups(Fe-OH) and(2) producing O2 and H2 O on the surface oxygen vacancies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analyses indicated that HFO not only has high Fe-OH content but also has high Vo content, resulting in its low H2 O2 utilization efficiency(η). DEP was degraded through hydrogen abstraction and deesterification, and the major products were(OH)2-DEP, mono-ethyl phthalate(MEP), OH-MEP,and phthalate acid(PA). The study is important in understanding the transformation of phthalate esters in top surface soils and surface waters under ultraviolet light.     

某城市湖泊中磷的循环特征及富营养化发生潜势

通过对浙江省临海市东湖水体磷元素的输入与输出途径与通量、磷元素在湖泊环境中的循环特征以及磷循环对水温上升的响应分析,并基于对该水体从2000年开始隔年进行各参数的观测,表明2000年以来磷输入年平均增量为0.007～0.009mg/L,水中叶绿素a平均年增0.14～0.56μg/L,透明度年平均下降0.38～0.49m,溶解氧年平均下降0.21～0.71mg/L.并依此建立了反映湖泊富营养化发生潜势的这些主要代表性参数与湖水中总磷含量之间的相关关系,揭示了可以通过从磷物质单因子的变化预测所引起的其它因子变化之间的关系来综合判断湖泊的营养状态,从而为减少湖泊富营养化的发生、提高湖泊水质提供科学依据.     

Denitrification and the controlling factors in Yunnan Plateau Lakes (China): Exploring the role of enhanced internal nitrogen cycling by algal blooms

Denitrification plays an important role in nitrogen(N) removal in freshwater ecosystems.This internal process regulates the fluctuations of N concentration, especially for lakes with high nutrients concentrations and long residence time. Lakes in Yunnan plateau(southwestern China) provide typical cases, while studies in this region have been rare.Therefore, we studied denitrification of two lakes(Lake Dianchi in hypereutrophic state and Lake Erhai in mesotrophic) in this region. We used acetylene inhibition technique to quantify potential denitrification rate(PDR) of these lakes in April and August, 2015 and 2016. PDR of the sediments ranged 0–1.21 μmol/(N·m~2·hr), and that of overlying water ranged 0–0.24 μmol/(N·L·hr). Then, we used Least Angle Regression to determine the controlling factors for denitrification. Nutrients controlled PDR from two aspects: providing essential nitrogen sources; and affecting the richness and metabolism of denitrifying bacteria. In April, both aspects limited PDR; while only nitrogen sources limited PDR in August, due to depleted nitrate and enhanced denitrifying bacteria activity. Ammonia was most significant to denitrification, indicating that nitrate from nitrification transported to the bottom of wellmixed lake provide major N source by denitrification. The high PDR and low nitrate concentrate in August were evidence of an enhanced internal N cycling by algal blooms.     

伊乐藻和氮循环菌技术对太湖氮素吸收和反硝化的影响

从太湖梅梁湾采集无扰动泥芯样,分别添加固定化氮循环细菌、水生植物伊乐藻建立室内微宇宙,模拟生态修复,探讨不同修复处理下,硝氮的去除机制.采用15N标记结合同位素配对技术测定了各生态模拟柱中的反硝化速率和植物吸收速率.结果表明,不同处理的实验柱反硝化速率差异明显,同时添加了水生植物和固定化氮循环细菌的实验柱反硝化速率最高,为99.35μmol·(m2·h)-1,植物氮吸收速率为36.55μg·(m2·h)-1.沉水植物伊乐藻在自身吸收氮素的同时也提高了耦合硝化反硝化的作用.与植物吸收相比,反硝化过程是主要的氮去除途径.沉水植物与固定化氮循环菌组合生态修复技术促进了湖泊水体氮素的脱除,起到了净化作用.     

The application of iron mesh double layer as anode for the electrochemical treatment of Reactive Black 5 dye

In this work a novel anode configuration consisting of an iron mesh double layer is proposed for the electrochemical treatment of wastewater. The removal of Reactive Black 5 dye(RB5) from synthetic contaminated water was used as a model system. At a constant anode surface area, identical process operating parameters and batch process mode, the iron mesh double layer electrode showed better performance compared to the conventional single layer iron mesh. The double layer electrode was characterized by RB5 and chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal efficiency of 98.2% and 97.7%, respectively, kinetic rate constant of 0.0385/min, diffusion coefficient of 4.9 × 10~(-5)cm~2/sec and electrical energy consumption of 20.53 kWh/kgdye removed. In the continuous flow system, the optimum conditions suggested by Response Surface Methodology(RSM) are: initial solution p H of 6.29,current density of 1.6 m A/cm~2, electrolyte dose of 0.15 g/L and flow rate of 11.47 m L/min which resulted in an RB5 removal efficiency of 81.62%.     

3—（H—酸偶氮）—4—（羟基）—苯磺酸与铁显色反应研究应用

研究了新试剂３—（Ｈ—酸偶氮）—４—（羟基）—苯磺酸（ＨＡＨＢＳ）与铁的显色反应,在ＮＨ４Ａｃ（ｐＨ＝ ７．０）缓冲介质中,ＨＡＨＢＳ和Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）可生成３∶１ 稳定络合物,λｍａｘ ＝ ５５０ ｎｍ ,ε＝ ４．８９×１０４Ｌ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １·ｃｍ － １,铁含量在０～０．６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于环境水样中铁的测定,结果令人满意。     

海藻酸钠凝胶球去除单宁酸和没食子酸的研究

采用海藻酸钠-钙凝胶球、海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球、海藻酸钠-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球对水体中单宁酸和没食子酸进行吸附实验研究。结果表明,对50mL(50mg/L)的模拟污水进行吸附,海藻酸钠-铁凝胶球和海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球的吸附效果优于海藻酸钠-钙凝胶球,吸附120min后,使用Fe(Ⅲ)凝胶球对单宁酸的去除率可达97%,对没食子酸的去除率可达99%,对两种物质的吸附量分别为8.0、8.3mg/g,使用海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球对单宁酸、没食子酸的去除率可达84%和97%,对两种物质的吸附量分别为7.0、8.0 mg/g。饱和吸附后海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球可以再生利用,对单宁酸的去除效果随着降解再生次数的增加而降低。     

中国滨海湿地土壤汞空间分布及影响因素

通过对7个典型滨海湿地土壤（0～20cm）中总汞含量及土壤理化性质、气候以及社会经济因素的测定收集,研究了滨海湿地土壤中汞的空间分布规律和影响因子之间的关系,并对不同介质环境内汞含量进行分析.结果表明:我国滨海湿地土壤总汞的含量范围是1.26～169.94ng/g,平均值为（33.82±3.09） ng/g;滨海湿地土壤汞含量差异是由土壤理化性质、社会经济以及气候因素共同影响的结果,其中土壤理化性质中pH值、有机质、总铁、总氮为关键影响因素;在汞的输入途径中,河流输送对中国滨海湿地土壤总汞含量的影响要高于大气输送.