Mercury mass flow in iron and steel production process and its implications for mercury emission control

The iron and steel production process is one of the predominant anthropogenic sources of atmospheric mercury emissions worldwide. In this study, field tests were conducted to study mercury emission characteristics and mass flows at two iron and steel plants in China. It was found that low-sulfur flue gas from sintering machines could contribute up to41% of the total atmospheric mercury emissions, and desulfurization devices could remarkably help reduce the emissions. Coal gas burning accounted for 17%–49% of the total mercury emissions, and therefore the mercury control of coal gas burning, specifically for the power plant burning coal gas to generate electricity, was significantly important. The emissions from limestone and dolomite production and electric furnaces can contribute29.3% and 4.2% of the total mercury emissions from iron and steel production. More attention should be paid to mercury emissions from these two processes. Blast furnace dust accounted for 27%–36% of the total mercury output for the whole iron and steel production process. The recycling of blast furnace dust could greatly increase the atmospheric mercury emissions and should not be conducted. The mercury emission factors for the coke oven,sintering machine and blast furnace were 0.039–0.047 g Hg/ton steel, and for the electric furnace it was 0.021 g Hg/ton steel. The predominant emission species was oxidized mercury, accounting for 59%–73% of total mercury emissions to air.     

紫色土丘陵区农田源头沟渠一氧化氮排放的季节差异及影响因素

农田源头沟渠是农田养分迁移的重要水文通道和非常活跃的氮转化场所.本研究以紫色土丘陵区农田源头沟渠为对象,在2014年12月~2015年11月,采用静态箱-化学发光法对其一氧化氮（NO）排放开展原位观测.结果表明,有自然植被覆盖的农田源头沟渠生态系统（V）中的NO年累积排放量为14.17 g·（hm²·a）^-1,而无自然植被覆盖的对照处理（NV,代表沟渠中的沉积物-水界面系统）则为-0.4 g·（hm²·a）^-1.总体而言,沟渠生态系统的年综合排放通量是11.27 g·（hm²·a）^-1,全年平均排放通量为0.13 μg·（m²·h）^-1.农田源头沟渠仅在夏季是NO的排放源,且夏季NO累积排放量显著高于（P<0.05）春季、秋季或冬季.沟渠上覆水NO₃^--N浓度和温度是影响NO排放季节变化的主要控制因素.同时,沟渠生态系统中植物存在可显著提高所观测的NO排放通量,但对全年NO累积排放量无显著影响.     

零价铁与过硫酸盐异相芬顿降解活性艳橙X-GN

采用零价铁(Fe~0)与过硫酸盐构建异相类芬顿体系,由Fe0腐蚀释放Fe~(2+)催化S_2 O_8~(2-)产生硫酸根自由基快速降解偶氮染料活性艳橙,考察了初始p H值、Fe~0投加量、过硫酸盐投加量和温度对降解过程的影响。结果表明,当活性艳橙初始浓度为100 mg/L、pH值为7、Fe~0投加量为0.5 g/L、过硫酸盐投加量为1 mmol/L和反应温度为30℃时,反应60 min后活性艳橙降解率达到92.6%。酸性条件和提高反应温度均有利反应的进行,而且活性艳橙的降解率在初始pH值为9时也高于90%。反应过程符合准一级动力学,表观反应速率常数k为0.0513 min~(-1)(30℃)。UV-Vis扫描显示,活性艳橙的发色基团在反应过程中被破坏。由Fe~0与S_2O_8~(2-)构成的异相Fenton体系可作为一种高效手段用于染料废水的处理。     

基于MEA情景的长江流域氮平衡及溶解态无机氮通量:流域-河口/海湾氮综合管理

以长江流域氮循环为研究对象,基于千年生态系统评估框架下的4种情景,预测了2050年长江流域的氮循环在不同驱动因子作用下的未来变化趋势,并提出长江流域生态系统的优化管理的建议.研究结果表明,在1970—2010年期间,长江流域氮输入量增加了5倍,长江向河口输出的溶解态无机氮(DIN)通量增加了8倍,流域土壤中的氮已经达到饱和并且氮过剩量持续增加,流域对氮的截留率下降,水体输送的DIN通量增加,区域氮循环失衡问题日益严重.在千年生态系统评估框架下,预测在2050年,在采取积极措施的预测情境下,河流向河口和近海输送的溶解态无机氮通量将会比2000年有所下降,而在消极应对的预测情境下,河流向河口和近海输送的溶解态无机氮通量将会继续增加,从而加剧河口和近海地区水体的污染程度.非点源氮输入将是长江溶解态无机氮输出通量的主要来源,其中以化肥氮输入为主,其次为禽畜粪便氮输入,贡献率最低的是点源污水氮输入.情景预测及源解析研究表明,2050年长江流域-河口/海湾氮污染控制的重点在于减少长江下游-太湖流域、沅江-湘江-洞庭湖流域、赣江-鄱阳湖流域及岷江流域的化肥及畜禽粪便排放,2050年要实现长江水系水质全面达标,长江流域的氮输入量需要削减29%,其中长江下游-太湖流域削减40%,汉江流域削减43%,沅江-湘江-洞庭湖流域削减31%.从子流域尺度制定氮污染管理策略更适用于流域-河口/海湾系统框架下的综合管理.     

典型氧化还原环境中微塑料表面的微生物群落组成特征与构建机制

微塑料广泛分布在微生物驱动的生物地球化学循环中,其表面会富集独特特征的微生物群落,构成微塑料圈（plastisphere）.自然环境中广泛存在的多种氧化还原环境不仅会影响微塑料圈中微生物群落的组成,还会影响微塑料的最终归宿.为探究典型氧化还原环境中微塑料表面的微生物群落组成特征与构建机制,将3种微塑料PHA （聚羟基脂肪酸酯）、PLA （聚乳酸）和PVC （聚氯乙烯）放置于好氧、硝酸盐还原、铁氧化物还原、硫酸盐还原和产甲烷这5种典型氧化还原环境中,利用污泥作为接种物,进行微宇宙模拟培养实验.结果表明,在分类学和系统发育学上,微塑料因子分别影响了微塑料表面18.94%和46.67%的微生物群落,氧化还原环境因子分别影响了微塑料表面31.04%和90.00%的微生物群落.与污泥相比较,3种微塑料表面富集的微生物群落丰富度和均匀度均降低,其中降低最明显的是更易降解的PHA微塑料,而难降解的PLA和PVC微塑料表面的微生物群落变化特征相似.PHA微塑料表面富集的微生物中,Anaerocolumna（26.44%）为其优势菌种,较少富集与氧化还原反应相关的特征菌群;PLA和PVC中,Clostridium_sensu_stricto_7 （15.49%和11.87%）为其优势菌种,且显著富集与氧化还原反应相关的特征菌群,表明与氧化还原反应相关的特征菌群更易于富集在难降解的微塑料表面,进而可能对生物地球化学循环速率造成影响.     

A review on sustainable reuse applications of Fenton sludge during wastewater treatment

• The sustainable approaches related to Fenton sludge reuse systems are summarized. • Degradation mechanism of Fenton sludge heterogeneous catalyst is deeply discussed. • The efficient utilization directions of Fenton sludge are proposed. The classical Fenton oxidation process (CFOP) is a versatile and effective application that is generally applied for recalcitrant pollutant removal. However, excess iron sludge production largely restricts its widespread application. Fenton sludge is a hazardous solid waste, which is a complex heterogeneous mixture with Fe(OH)₃, organic matter, heavy metals, microorganisms, sediment impurities, and moisture. Although studies have aimed to utilize specific Fenton sludge resources based on their iron-rich characteristics, few reports have fully reviewed the utilization of Fenton sludge. As such, this review details current sustainable Fenton sludge reuse systems that are applied during wastewater treatment. Specifically, coagulant preparation, the reuse of Fenton sludge as an iron source in the Fenton process and as a synthetic heterogeneous catalyst/adsorbent, as well as the application of the Fenton sludge reuse system as a heterogeneous catalyst for resource utilization. This is the first review article to comprehensively summarize the utilization of Fenton sludge. In addition, this review suggests future research ideas to enhance the cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and large-scale feasibility of Fenton sludge applications.     

初级再生水对循环水处理药剂的影响

初级再生水回用过程中所要解决的两个难题是腐蚀和微生物的控制。通过对锦西石化分公司初级再生水对各循环水场现用药剂的缓蚀阻垢效果及杀菌效果进行了实验室综合评价,考察缓蚀阻垢性能、杀菌性能及药剂加药量的影响,并根据水质情况及药剂评价结果提出了初级再生水的最佳pH值及COD值范围,并根据水场及水质情况选出最优药剂,为合理加药剂提供依据。     

Based on material flow analysis: Value chain analysis of China iron resources

Iron is an important basic resource for national economic development in China. It is of great strategic importance for the sustainable development of China's economy to study the utilization and circulation status of iron resources. In this paper, using the material flow and value chain analysis method, we quantitatively analyzed the value flow of iron resources in China. According to the value chain and price theory of element M, a value stream diagram of iron resources corresponding to the substance flow chart was plotted. Based on the previous material flow analysis result of iron resources, the diagram quantitatively depicted the value of the circulating flow of iron resources in China in 2011. The results show that by recycling materials, the value of the circulating flow of iron resources can bring considerable economic benefits to both producers and consumers. In the production stage, the expenditures of the entire economic system was reduced by 91.77 billion RMB by circulating iron and the income increased by 95 billion RMB by recycling home scrap, which was generated in the crude steel production stage. In the use stage of iron and steel products, the recycling of old scrap enabled the entire economic system to recover 370.78 billion RMB. It should be noted that analysis within a single framework of physical and economic characteristics of iron resources in the economic system can further extend the research chain of substance flow and value flow at the macro level, enhancing the economic value of substances flow research. In addition, by tracking and depicting the value flow cycle of elements, the improvement potentials and the value situations can be determined to provide useful information for conducting processing and technological innovation for waste minimization.