Sources of productive efficiency: International comparison of iron and steel firms

Using a time-varying stochastic frontier model, this paper examines the technical efficiency of firms in the iron and steel industry to try to identify the factors contributing to the industry's efficiency growth. Industry observers and policymakers tend to cite most frequently three possible sources of efficiency growth: privatization; economies of scale; and vintage of equipment. Our study corroborates these factors. Based on our findings, which pertain to 52 iron and steel firms over the period of 1978–1997, privatization is likely to improve the efficiency of iron and steel firms to a great extent as evidenced in various industries. This study also provides systematic evidence that iron and steel production shows economies of scale. In addition, newer vintages of equipment are found to be closely correlated with higher levels of efficiency. This clearly indicates that investment in new plants and equipments is critical in pursuit of efficiency in the iron and steel industry.     

三通管不同开口状态下爆炸气流湍流变化规律

为研究三通管不同开口状态下爆炸参数变化规律,基于数值模拟分析管内爆炸湍流动能大小、形态变化特征.研究结果表明:不同开口状态下三通管道内湍流动能峰值最大值均出现在垂直岔管内,垂直管道开口情况下管道内的最大湍动能峰值增大29.86％,水平管道开口情况下该数值降低10.12％,而两端均开口情况下,增大178.45％;管内与湍...     

管式炉煤气爆燃原因分析

对武钢一管式炉２０００年３月２４日发生煤气爆燃事故进行了分析,结合管式炉周围现场情况,提出了避免此类事故再发生的防范措施。     

Combined steam distillation and electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) treatment of river sediment contaminated by PCBs

A combined treatment process utilizing steam distillation followed by electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) has been utilized to remove >90% of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in St. Lawrence River sediment and destroy 95% of the PCBs recovered in the condensate. 2 l of condensate were collected by boiling 500 grams of sediment containing 4.3 mg PCBs. Most of the PCBs (82.3%) were recovered as a small volume (<1 ml) of yellow oil floating on the condensate and coating glassware surfaces. The aqueous phase PCBs (182 μg/l) were destroyed (95%) by three sequential ECP treatments at 16.8°C and pH 5, utilizing 1 ml of H₂O₂ (3%) and periodically reversed current (0.75–1.0 A @ 10 volts). Oxidation is primarily mediated by hydroxyl radicals produced by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with electrochemically generated ferrous iron (Fenton's reagent). This work suggests steam extraction, in combination with advanced oxidation technologies, provides an effective treatment strategy for contaminated solids.     

生物过滤法对水中铁去除的试验研究

随着生物技术在水处理工业中的推广应用,人们逐渐认识到生物除铁是将来替代接触氧化法除铁的新一代除铁方法。本文在国内外生物除铁研究的基础上,通过较低pH值条件培养铁细菌,最终检测不同实验条件下的过滤效果,以达到研究不同粒径滤料、pH值、溶解氧等条件对生物除铁的影响。实验结果表明：小粒径滤料有利于过滤过程的进行;生物除铁的效果不明显,尤其在高pH值和溶解氧条件下,几乎没有差别;随着pH值和溶解氧浓度的增加,亚铁的氧化效果加强了,但是生物除铁的效果却减弱了。     

船舶海水管路直流杂散电流仿真研究

目的 针对某型船海水管路杂散电流腐蚀穿孔问题,研究海水管路直流杂散电流密度与直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻关系,评估海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀风险,提出直流电气设备机壳绝缘电阻要求,为船舶海水管路杂散电流控制提供技术支撑.方法 根据欧姆定律和腐蚀电化学原理,建立船体与海水管路直流杂散电流腐蚀仿真方法,模拟海水管路直管、弯管以及某船海水管路系统结构,以B10铜镍合金极化曲线为边界条件,开展管壁直流杂散电流密度仿真研究,并根据法拉第定律计算直流杂散电流腐蚀速率.结果 直流电气设备接地产生的直流杂散电流大部分流入船体,仅有少部分流入海水管路,正常情况下,机壳绝缘电阻大于1 M?,直流电气设备接地不会导致海水管路发生杂散电流腐蚀.结论 为避免直流电气设备接地造成海水管路杂散电流腐蚀,DC380 V和DC220 V电气设备机壳绝缘电阻应分别不小于211?和123?.     

Simultaneous measurement of aqueous redox-sensitive elements and their species across the soil-water interface

The redox-sensitive elements, such as iron, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and arsenic, shift their speciation every millimeter (mm) across the soil-water interface in the flooded soil environments. Monitoring of element speciation at this high-resolution (HR) within the SWI is still difficult. The key challenge lies in obtaining sufficient porewater samples at specific locations along the soil gradient for downstream analysis. Here with an optimized inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method and a HR porewater sampler, we demonstrate mm-scale element profiles mapping across the SWI in paddy soils. High-concentrations of iron and manganese (> 10 mg/L) were measured by ICP-MS in an extended dynamic range mode to avoid signal overflow. The iron profile along the SWI generated by the ICP-MS method showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to that measured independently using a colorimetric method. Furthermore, four arsenic (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acid), two phosphorus (phosphite and phosphate) and two sulfur (sulfide and sulfate) species were separated in 10 min by ion chromatography -ICP-MS with the NH₄HCO₃ mobile phase. We verified the technique using paddy soils collected from the field, and present the mm-scale profiles of iron, manganese, and arsenic, phosphorus, sulfur species (relative standard deviation < 8%). The technique developed in this study will significantly promote the measurement throughput in limited samples (e.g. 100 μL) collected by HR samplers, which would greatly facilitate redox-sensitive elements biogeochemical cycling in saturated soils.     

城市污水管网中污染物冲刷与沉积规律

为探明城市污水管网中污染物的冲刷与沉积规律,对西安市污水管网进行实际调研,结果表明,污水支管和干管的沉积物厚度时变化较大,变化量分别为0~24 mm和0~12 mm,管道污水中颗粒态污染物发生沉积和冲刷的概率高;而污水主干管的沉积物厚度时变化较小,管道内颗粒物沉积与沉积物冲刷水平维持相对平衡.为进一步明确污水中污染物浓度变化与水流流速的关系,建立了污水管道冲刷与沉积模拟中试装置,研究了不同流速下管道中碳(有机)、氮、磷三类污染物含量和粒径分布的变化规律.结果表明,随着污水流速的增加,冲刷强度增大,管道中污染物浓度急剧升高,通过粒径分布监测结果可知,管道中有机污染物易存在于粒径较大的颗粒物上,氮、磷类污染物易吸附在粒径较小的颗粒物上;当流速小于0.6 m·s~(-1)时,污水中颗粒态污染物的沉积作用大于冲刷作用,发生物理沉积,造成污水中碳源不足,当流速大于0.6 m·s~(-1)时,水流冲刷强度增大,沉积物被水流大量携带,但污水中碳类有机污染物的增加比重大于氮和磷类污染物,使现有污水碳源不足得到改观,利于生物脱氮除磷工艺的碳源需求.     

Underestimation of phosphorus fraction change in the supernatant after phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides and iron oxide–natural organic matter complexes

The phosphorus(P) fraction distribution and formation mechanism in the supernatant after P adsorption onto iron oxides and iron oxide-humic acid(HA) complexes were analyzed using the ultrafiltration method in this study.With an initial P concentration of 20 mg/L(I =0.01 mol/L and pH = 7),it was shown that the colloid(1 kDa-0.45 μm) component of P accounted for 10.6%,11.6%,6.5%,and 4.0%of remaining total P concentration in the supernatant after P adsorption onto ferrihydrite(FH),goethite(GE),ferrihydrite-humic acid complex(FH-HA),goethite-humic acid complex(GE-HA),respectively.The 1 kDa component of P was still the predominant fraction in the supernatant,and underestimated colloidal P accounted for 2.2%,55.1%,45.5%,and 38.7%of P adsorption onto the solid surface of FH,FH-HA,GE and GE-HA,respectively.Thus,the colloid P could not be neglected.Notably,it could be interpreted that Fe~(3+) hydrolysis from the adsorbents followed by the formation of colloidal hydrous ferric oxide aggregates was the main mechanism for the formation of the colloid P in the supernatant.And colloidal adsorbent particles co-existing in the supernatant were another important reason for it.Additionally,dissolve organic matter dissolved from iron oxide-HA complexes could occupy large adsorption sites of colloidal iron causing less colloid P in the supernatant.Ultimately,we believe that the findings can provide a new way to deeply interpret the geochemical cycling of P,even when considering other contaminants such as organic pollutants,heavy metal ions,and arsenate at the sediment/soil-water interface in the real environment.     

An optimised sequential extraction scheme for the evaluation of vanadium mobility in soils

Reviewing the current state of knowledge about sequential extraction applied for soil vanadium(V) fractionation, we identified an urgent requirement of an sequential extraction(SE) specified for V. Namely, almost all previous SE extracted only 8.4%–48% of total V in soils(excluding residue). Thus, we proposed an eight-step SE for V fractionation in soils according to the knowledge gained from literature and our own dissolution experiments with model minerals. After extracting the mobilisable and adsorbed V with de-ionised water and 5 mmol/L phosphate, 1 mol/L pyrophosphate was applied to gather organic matter bound V which minimised the artefact dissolving Al and Fe(hydr)oxides occurred when using HNO_3–H_2O_2for extraction. Extraction with 0.4 mol/L NH_2OH·HCl was highly selective toward manganese oxides. Fractionation of different crystalline Al and Fe(hydr)oxides associated V with 1 mol/L HCl, 0.2 mol/L oxalate buffer and 4 mol/L HCl at 95°C especially improved the extractability of V incorporated with crystalline phase associated V. The suitability of our new SE scheme was confirmed by its higher selectivity against the target phases and higher extraction efficiencies(55%–77% of total V) with model minerals and 6 soils of different properties than previous SE.