Geochemical and microbiological processes contributing to the transformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in contaminated aquifer material

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a potential human carcinogen, and its contamination of subsurface environments is a significant threat to public health. This study investigated abiotic and biological degradation of RDX in contaminated aquifer material. Anoxic batch systems were started with and without pre-aeration of aquifer material to distinguish initial biological RDX reduction from abiotic RDX reduction. Aerating the sediment eliminated chemical reductants in the native aquifer sediment, primarily Fe(II) sorbed to mineral surfaces. RDX (50 μM) was completely reduced and transformed to ring cleavage products when excess concentrations (2 mM) of acetate or lactate were provided as the electron donor for aerated sediment. RDX was reduced concurrently with Fe(III) when acetate was provided, while RDX, Fe(III), and sulfate were reduced simultaneously with lactate amendment. Betaproteobacteria were the dominant microorganisms associated with RDX and Fe(III)/sulfate reduction. In particular, Rhodoferax spp. increased from 21% to 35% and from 28% to 60% after biostimulation by acetate and lactate, respectively. Rarefaction analyses demonstrated that microbial diversity decreased in electron-donor-amended systems with active RDX degradation. Although significant amounts of Fe(III) and/or sulfate were reduced after biostimulation, solid-phase reactive minerals such as magnetite or ferrous sulfides were not observed, suggesting that RDX reduction in the aquifer sediment is due to Fe(II) adsorbed to solid surfaces as a result of Fe(III)-reducing microbial activity. These results suggest that both biotic and abiotic processes play an important role in RDX reduction under in situ conditions.     

3—（H—酸偶氮）—4—（羟基）—苯磺酸与铁显色反应研究应用

研究了新试剂３—（Ｈ—酸偶氮）—４—（羟基）—苯磺酸（ＨＡＨＢＳ）与铁的显色反应,在ＮＨ４Ａｃ（ｐＨ＝ ７．０）缓冲介质中,ＨＡＨＢＳ和Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）可生成３∶１ 稳定络合物,λｍａｘ ＝ ５５０ ｎｍ ,ε＝ ４．８９×１０４Ｌ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １·ｃｍ － １,铁含量在０～０．６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于环境水样中铁的测定,结果令人满意。     

污水管网优化设计程序的比较与分析

比较了流速法和坡度法两种常用污水管网优化设计程序在不同地形条件下的应用效果.结果表明,在地形较为平缓地区,两者均能得到较好的结果,其中流速法在埋深上更具优势;而在地形较陡地区,坡度法能充分利用有利地形控制埋深和坡度,优化设计效果较好.     

海藻酸钠凝胶球去除单宁酸和没食子酸的研究

采用海藻酸钠-钙凝胶球、海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球、海藻酸钠-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球对水体中单宁酸和没食子酸进行吸附实验研究。结果表明,对50mL(50mg/L)的模拟污水进行吸附,海藻酸钠-铁凝胶球和海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球的吸附效果优于海藻酸钠-钙凝胶球,吸附120min后,使用Fe(Ⅲ)凝胶球对单宁酸的去除率可达97%,对没食子酸的去除率可达99%,对两种物质的吸附量分别为8.0、8.3mg/g,使用海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球对单宁酸、没食子酸的去除率可达84%和97%,对两种物质的吸附量分别为7.0、8.0 mg/g。饱和吸附后海藻酸钠-钙-铁(Ⅲ)凝胶球可以再生利用,对单宁酸的去除效果随着降解再生次数的增加而降低。     

Oxidation catalyst of iron oxide suppressing dioxin formation in polyethylene combustion

A new iron oxide catalyst, which has a superior oxidation activity in carbon monoxide and polyethylene (PE) combustion, was synthesized by an aqueous solution reaction. Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over six kinds of hematite obtained from the goethite was done using a microcatalytic pulse reactor, and the composition of the hematite with the highest oxidation activity was determined. With the aim of suppressing dioxin formation on combustion, incineration tests of solid wastes in PE refuse bags with and without the goethite were carried out using a commercial semibatch-type incinerator with a combustion chamber of 6.2 m³. The result confirmed that the concentration of dioxins in the flue gas decreased considerably when the refuse was incinerated in PE bags manufactured with goethite. Received: July 24, 2000 / Accepted: October 18, 2000     

堆载作用下埋地管道应力影响因素及失效荷载研究*

为探究地面堆载导致埋地油气管道失效的事故影响因素,通过对管道在堆载作用下的工程案例进行概化,以X70管道为研究对象,采用有限元软件建立管道在堆载作用下的三维模型,采用理论计算验证模型的可行性,开展管道应力与变形分析,探讨不同的堆载强度、管道埋设深度、下卧层土体杨氏模量、管道内压与堆载偏移距离对管道应力的影响,同时开展多因素耦合研究。研究结果表明:深埋管道会促进附加应力向两端扩散,管道中心部位以外的应力值呈现为深埋＞浅埋;当下卧层杨氏模量大于20 MPa后,管道偏于安全;内压在0~2 MPa时,可以抵消部分堆载对管道的影响,内压大于2 MPa后,管道应力整体增大,此时管道应力由内压主导;得到不同管道埋深与不同下卧层土体杨氏模量耦合工况下X70管道失效时的堆载强度。研究结果可为埋地管道在堆载作用下的安全防护问题提供参考。     

基于故障树理论的舰船海水管系腐蚀失效原因分析及应用

针对某型船板式冷却器B10海水管路频繁穿孔漏水问题,本文基于故障树分析理论,以故障海水管路的腐蚀环境、腐蚀形貌和腐蚀机理为层次,将可能导致海水管路穿孔漏水的各种因素作为底事件列出,通过逻辑联系形成上述问题管路的故障树模型。在逐一分析故障树各项底事件的发生原因和典型表现后,将故障原因定位为B10管路与冷却器钛合金板片之间发生异种金属电偶腐蚀,并进行了原理复现,以验证分析的正确性,最终提出包括增加电绝缘组件在内的一系列治理措施,在船上实施后,取得了较好的治理效果。该分析方法可为各类舰船海水管路腐蚀问题的分析定位和治理防护提供借鉴。     

电子设备热管冷板优化设计及试验研究

目的解决电子设备高热流密度芯片散热问题。方法建立主板模块传导冷却的热阻网络,设计研制一种低热阻结构的热管冷板,并对两种热管冷板在不同热流密度条件下进行模块及整机的常温和高温试验。结果常温试验中,CPU和GPU芯片温度在模块试验中下降了14.3℃和5.4℃,在整机试验中下降了7.2℃和6.1℃;高温试验中,CPU和GPU芯片温度在模块试验中下降了10.2℃和4.2℃,在整机试验中下降了9.1℃和7.5℃。结论热管冷板能提高整机环境适应性及可靠性,其结构设计方法可推广用于电子设备散热设计。     

混铁车强制冷却场集尘系统改造

混铁车强制冷却场原设计为露天敞开式,有4个工作台位,在强制冷却(采用大风量风机经过特制送风头送入炉膛内,将其温度从350℃左右冷却到40℃)过程中,产生了大量扬尘,不仅污染了周围环境,还严重威胁了岗位职工的身体健康.     

空气加热管路压力损失校核计算

针对自行设计的气体爆炸试验装置中的空气加热管路部分进行了压力损失的计算,并进行了实验验证,通过实验验证该管路达到了设计要求.