火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标研究

本文研究了火焰原子吸收法测定水中铁的质量控制指标,全国共12个省份的46家实验室参加测定工作,提供了具有全国性指导意义的工作参考数据.研究结果为:标准样品在0.2～4.0mg/L浓度范围内的RSD≤3.0%,RSD'≤10.0%,室间标准偏差≤0.10mg/L;浓度≤2.0mg/L时,RE≤±10.0%,2.0～4.0...     

爆炸性气体在连续拐弯管道中传播特性的实验研究

针对复杂燃气管网燃气爆炸致灾严重,传播规律复杂的问题,利用实验室加工成的连续拐弯管道,模拟研究了复杂燃气管网爆炸性气体通过连续拐弯管道时的火焰传播速度、爆炸波超压变化情况。研究结果表明,当整个管道内充满瓦斯气体时,通过连续拐弯后,火焰传播速度和爆炸波超压值产生显著变化,在连续拐弯管道拐弯处为一扰动源,诱导附加湍流,气流湍流度增大,管道拐弯增加了燃烧区的湍流度,火焰燃烧产生加速度,加速燃烧产生更大能量以推动加速传播。研究结果对指导现场如何防治复杂燃气管网气体爆炸,减轻爆炸的威力具有重要作用。     

底盘发动机排烟管高温涂料耐腐蚀性能对比分析与应用

目的 针对底盘发动机排烟管在某海洋大气环境中腐蚀防护难度大的问题,对4种高温涂料进行耐腐蚀性能对比分析与应用。方法 分别采用试片高温试验、户外暴露试验和排烟管实装实地验证等方法对3种改性有机硅、1种无机硅酸盐共4种高温涂层的耐高温、耐腐蚀性能及应用效果进行测试与分析。结果 高温涂层试片的高温试验、户外暴露试验结果表明,3种改性有机硅涂层600 ℃的耐高温性能、耐腐蚀性能优于无机硅酸盐涂层,但试片经600 ℃高温烧蚀后进行户外暴露试验的结果表明,石墨掺杂有机硅涂层耐蚀性优于其余3种涂层,无机硅酸盐涂层优于氟树脂改性有机硅、环氧改性有机硅涂层。排烟管实装实地验证试验则表明,石墨掺杂有机硅涂料受到高温氧化、降水冷却、常温腐蚀等频繁交替作用下,腐蚀较快,氟树脂改性有机硅涂层的防护性较好,环氧改性有机硅涂层在高温区域腐蚀明显,无机硅酸盐涂层中锌粉和铸铁基体存在明显腐蚀。结论 相对于传统的银粉漆,4种高温涂层显著改善了排烟管的腐蚀防护性能。在上述4种试验条件下,4种高温涂层的耐高温、耐腐蚀等性能各有优劣,需要根据4种涂层各自的性能不足进行改进。在实际工况条件下,氟树脂改性有机硅耐涂层满足发动机排烟管在某海洋大气环境中不低于1 a免维护的使用要求,其他2种有机硅涂层、1种无机硅酸盐涂层则需要一定程度维护。     

管材对供水管网生物膜微生物种群多样性的影响

研究了3种管材(灰口铸铁管、镀锌管和不锈钢复合管)对管网生物膜微生物种群多样性的影响.采用R2A平板培养计数可培养细菌、荧光定量PCR计数细菌总数、流式细胞法确定活菌比例、扫描电镜观察生物膜形态,高通量测序研究管段生物膜微生物种群多样性.研究结果表明:灰口铸铁管可培养菌数和细菌总数都最高,其次是镀锌管,不锈钢复合管可培养菌数和细菌总数都最少,但活菌比例方面镀锌管活菌比例高于灰口铸铁管和不锈钢复合管.扫描电镜结果与可培养菌数及细菌总数结果一致,即灰口铸铁管细菌量最高,不同管材管壁生物膜细菌形态皆以球菌和杆菌为主,并无显著差异.微生物种群多样性结果显示:灰口铸铁管生物膜种群多样性最高,镀锌管生物膜种群多样性相对较为单一,不锈钢复合管生物膜种群多样性最低.饮用水管网生物膜种群以变形菌门为主,各管道变形菌门都高达90%以上,不同管材生物膜细菌群落组成有很大差异.本研究结果对今后饮用水供水管段材料的选取具有指导性意义.     

非燃烧区瓦斯爆炸冲击波在单向分岔管道内传播规律的试验研究

在空间上瓦斯爆炸可以分为瓦斯燃烧区、非瓦斯燃烧区两个区域.在瓦斯燃烧区内冲击波和火焰是相互耦合的;当瓦斯燃烧完毕后燃烧波消失,只剩非瓦斯燃烧区冲击波,冲击波失去能量支持,最终恢复至正常大气参数.为了研究非燃烧区内瓦斯爆炸冲击波在分岔管道中的传播特性,搭建了截面为80 mm× 80 mm的方形管道,分别由1 m、1.5m、2.5 m、3m、4m等5种长度不等的管道组合而成.管道由3个部分组成,前端为直管道瓦斯填充区,中间管道为空气直管道和管道末端,末端设计了30°、45°、60°、90°四种单向分岔角度.通过瓦斯填充量和管道分岔角度两个变量,采用TST6300动态数据采集储存仪,对管道内瓦斯爆炸冲击波能量及冲击波在单向分岔情况下超压分流情况进行试验研究.结果表明,管道单向分岔条件下,非燃烧区瓦斯爆炸冲击波分流系数与冲击波初始超压及管道分岔角度有关,分流系数随冲击波初始超压及分岔角度的增加而增加.     

An Experimental Study of Heat Pipe Performance Using Nanofluids

Heat pipe cooling is widely used in computer processors. Advances in microprocessor technology have resulted in reduced heat transfer surface area. Maintaining an efficient cooling process is therefore challenging. The main goal of this experimental study is to perform a parametric study on heat pipe performance using nanofluids. Nanofluids of 1 and 3 vol% of alumina nanoparticles of 20–50 nm diameters in deionized water versus deionized water as a base fluid were considered in the present study. The nanofluids are prepared in our laboratory using two-step method. The nanofluids thermal properties are measured to confirm the properties enhancement that could indicate a corresponding performance enhancement of the heat pipe. A 10 mm inner diameter, 200 mm long brass tube with 50 mm long evaporator, and 50 mm long water cooled condenser were used. Heat pipe wall temperature is reduced with nanofluids as is the temperature difference between the evaporator and condenser. The thermal diffusivity of the nanofluids is increased by 10%. The pipe pressure in case of deionized water was higher than the corresponding one for the nanofluids by 20–32%.     

某型发动机滑油供油导管裂纹分析

目的研究确定某发动机滑油供油导管裂纹性质及其产生原因。方法通过痕迹检查、断口观察、X射线能谱分析等试验方法,对滑油供油导管裂纹进行了综合分析。结果滑油供油导管的裂纹性质为疲劳裂纹,疲劳起始于波纹管第1波谷的外表面。结论波纹管存在装配张应力是导致滑油供油导管产生疲劳裂纹的原因;装配张应力是由于弯管焊接段与波纹管在焊接时不同轴造成的。     

The control of red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens risks in drinking water distribution systems: A review

Many problems in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are caused by microbe, such as biofilm formation, biocorrosion and opportunistic pathogens growth. More iron release from corrosion scales may induce red water. Biofilm played great roles on the corrosion. The iron-oxidizing bacteria (IOB) promoted corrosion. However, when iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) and nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) became the main bacteria in biofilm, they could induce iron redox cycling in corrosion process. This process enhanced the precipitation of iron oxides and formation of more Fe₃O₄ in corrosion scales, which inhibited corrosion effectively. Therefore, the IRB and NRB in the biofilm can reduce iron release and red water occurrence. Moreover, there are many opportunistic pathogens in biofilm of DWDSs. The opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs related to the bacterial community changes due to the effects of micropollutants. Micropollutants increased the number of bacteria with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) production was increased by the antibiotic resistant bacteria, leading to greater bacterial aggregation and adsorption, increasing the chlorine-resistance capability, which was responsible for the enhancement of the particle-associated opportunistic pathogens in DWDSs. Moreover, O₃-biological activated carbon filtration-UV-Cl₂ treatment could be used to control the iron release, red water occurrence and opportunistic pathogens growth in DWDSs.     

聚乙烯管热熔焊机技术现状分析

基于国内常见品牌聚乙烯管热熔焊机的性能检测结果,详尽地从焊机主要机械部件性能、温度与压力等焊接参数的控制,以及全自动热熔焊机的监控性能与焊口信息记录情况等方面分析了热熔焊机的技术现状。分析表明,热熔焊机普遍存在若干不容忽视的质量问题,其中许多为焊机质量不能满足国家标准要求。最后提出了提高焊机技术水平的措施。     

Resurrection of the iron and phosphorus resource in steel-making slag

 This research focused on the treatment of steel-making slags to recycle and recover iron and phosphorus. The carbothermal reduction behavior of both synthesized and factory steel-making slag in microwave irradiation was investigated. The slags were mixed with graphite powder and heated to a temperature higher than 1873 K to precipitate a lump of Fe–C alloy with a diameter of 2–8 mm. The larger the carbon equivalent (C_eq, defined in the text), the higher the fractional reduction of iron and phosphorus. An increase in the SiO₂ content of slag led to a considerable improvement in the reduction for both iron and phosphorus because of the improvement in the fluidity of the slags and an increase in the activity coefficient of P₂O₅ in the slags. The extraction behavior of phosphorus from Fe–P–C_satd alloy was also investigated at 1473 K by carbonate flux treatment. For all the experiments with a processing time longer than 10 min, the phosphorus in the fluxes could be concentrated to more than 9% (w/w) showing that it could be used as a phosphorus resource. Compared with K₂CO₃ flux treatment, that using Na₂CO₃ was more effective for the extraction of phosphorus, and this was attributed to the lower evaporation of Na₂CO₃. Finally, a recycling scheme for steel-making slag is proposed. Received: March 16, 2001 / Accepted: November 12, 2001