生物过滤法对水中铁去除的试验研究

随着生物技术在水处理工业中的推广应用,人们逐渐认识到生物除铁是将来替代接触氧化法除铁的新一代除铁方法。本文在国内外生物除铁研究的基础上,通过较低pH值条件培养铁细菌,最终检测不同实验条件下的过滤效果,以达到研究不同粒径滤料、pH值、溶解氧等条件对生物除铁的影响。实验结果表明：小粒径滤料有利于过滤过程的进行;生物除铁的效果不明显,尤其在高pH值和溶解氧条件下,几乎没有差别;随着pH值和溶解氧浓度的增加,亚铁的氧化效果加强了,但是生物除铁的效果却减弱了。     

Simultaneous measurement of aqueous redox-sensitive elements and their species across the soil-water interface

The redox-sensitive elements, such as iron, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, and arsenic, shift their speciation every millimeter (mm) across the soil-water interface in the flooded soil environments. Monitoring of element speciation at this high-resolution (HR) within the SWI is still difficult. The key challenge lies in obtaining sufficient porewater samples at specific locations along the soil gradient for downstream analysis. Here with an optimized inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method and a HR porewater sampler, we demonstrate mm-scale element profiles mapping across the SWI in paddy soils. High-concentrations of iron and manganese (> 10 mg/L) were measured by ICP-MS in an extended dynamic range mode to avoid signal overflow. The iron profile along the SWI generated by the ICP-MS method showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to that measured independently using a colorimetric method. Furthermore, four arsenic (arsenite, arsenate, monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acid), two phosphorus (phosphite and phosphate) and two sulfur (sulfide and sulfate) species were separated in 10 min by ion chromatography -ICP-MS with the NH₄HCO₃ mobile phase. We verified the technique using paddy soils collected from the field, and present the mm-scale profiles of iron, manganese, and arsenic, phosphorus, sulfur species (relative standard deviation < 8%). The technique developed in this study will significantly promote the measurement throughput in limited samples (e.g. 100 μL) collected by HR samplers, which would greatly facilitate redox-sensitive elements biogeochemical cycling in saturated soils.     

Underestimation of phosphorus fraction change in the supernatant after phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides and iron oxide–natural organic matter complexes

The phosphorus(P) fraction distribution and formation mechanism in the supernatant after P adsorption onto iron oxides and iron oxide-humic acid(HA) complexes were analyzed using the ultrafiltration method in this study.With an initial P concentration of 20 mg/L(I =0.01 mol/L and pH = 7),it was shown that the colloid(1 kDa-0.45 μm) component of P accounted for 10.6%,11.6%,6.5%,and 4.0%of remaining total P concentration in the supernatant after P adsorption onto ferrihydrite(FH),goethite(GE),ferrihydrite-humic acid complex(FH-HA),goethite-humic acid complex(GE-HA),respectively.The 1 kDa component of P was still the predominant fraction in the supernatant,and underestimated colloidal P accounted for 2.2%,55.1%,45.5%,and 38.7%of P adsorption onto the solid surface of FH,FH-HA,GE and GE-HA,respectively.Thus,the colloid P could not be neglected.Notably,it could be interpreted that Fe~(3+) hydrolysis from the adsorbents followed by the formation of colloidal hydrous ferric oxide aggregates was the main mechanism for the formation of the colloid P in the supernatant.And colloidal adsorbent particles co-existing in the supernatant were another important reason for it.Additionally,dissolve organic matter dissolved from iron oxide-HA complexes could occupy large adsorption sites of colloidal iron causing less colloid P in the supernatant.Ultimately,we believe that the findings can provide a new way to deeply interpret the geochemical cycling of P,even when considering other contaminants such as organic pollutants,heavy metal ions,and arsenate at the sediment/soil-water interface in the real environment.     

An optimised sequential extraction scheme for the evaluation of vanadium mobility in soils

Reviewing the current state of knowledge about sequential extraction applied for soil vanadium(V) fractionation, we identified an urgent requirement of an sequential extraction(SE) specified for V. Namely, almost all previous SE extracted only 8.4%–48% of total V in soils(excluding residue). Thus, we proposed an eight-step SE for V fractionation in soils according to the knowledge gained from literature and our own dissolution experiments with model minerals. After extracting the mobilisable and adsorbed V with de-ionised water and 5 mmol/L phosphate, 1 mol/L pyrophosphate was applied to gather organic matter bound V which minimised the artefact dissolving Al and Fe(hydr)oxides occurred when using HNO_3–H_2O_2for extraction. Extraction with 0.4 mol/L NH_2OH·HCl was highly selective toward manganese oxides. Fractionation of different crystalline Al and Fe(hydr)oxides associated V with 1 mol/L HCl, 0.2 mol/L oxalate buffer and 4 mol/L HCl at 95°C especially improved the extractability of V incorporated with crystalline phase associated V. The suitability of our new SE scheme was confirmed by its higher selectivity against the target phases and higher extraction efficiencies(55%–77% of total V) with model minerals and 6 soils of different properties than previous SE.     

油田注水高压脉冲电场杀菌实验研究

针对油田注水中细菌繁殖快、含量高的特点,文章采用高压脉冲电场杀菌技术对油田注水进行了杀菌试验,考察了脉冲电压、脉冲频率、处理量和杀菌时间对杀菌效果的影响,并对参数进行了优化。研究结果表明随着电压和作用时间的增加,杀菌效果增强;当脉冲电压在30 kV,处理量为20 L/h,频率在50 Hz或者200 Hz时,具有显著的杀菌效果;随着处理量的增加,杀菌仪对细菌的抑制效果变弱。     

利用纳米零价铁进行印染废水脱色实验研究

以纳米铁粉为脱色剂,以甲基橙水溶液为目标污染物,研究了纳米铁粉对甲基橙水溶液的脱色影响.结果表明染料初始浓度一定时,加入一定铁粉,脱色率随脱色时间的增加而增大,到一定时间后脱色率不再有大的变化;酸洗铁粉对甲基橙水溶液的脱色效果更好;将酸洗铁粉进行水洗,脱色率随水洗次数的增加而减少;摇床转速越高,脱色效果越好.     

粉煤灰在热处理过程中汞的逸出规律

文章研究了粉煤灰在热处理过程中汞的逸出规律,通过改变焙烧温度、焙烧时间和通气流量等条件,利用安大略水法,对逸出的零价汞(Hg0)和二价汞(Hg2+)以及总汞的含量进行了测定。结果表明:在加热温度达到400℃时,飞灰中的可挥发汞已基本完全释放,逸出量大约为0.2μg/g。当加热温度升高到600~1 000℃之间时,零价汞含量明显降低,而二价汞含量明显升高,可以观察到较为明显的零价汞氧化为二价汞的现象。汞的逸出量与氧化程度主要与加热温度有关,而加热时间与通气量的影响相对较小。在1 000℃,加热时间30 min,通气量0.5 L/min的条件下,可挥发汞将完全逸出并有部分零价汞被氧化。结合上述研究结果,在对粉煤灰进行加热处理时,需要对其中汞的二次释放现象加以重视并采取相应的控制措施。     

Calcite precipitation dominates the electrical signatures of zero valent iron columns under simulated field conditions

Calcium carbonate is a secondary mineral precipitate influencing zero valent iron (ZVI) barrier reactivity and hydraulic performance. We conducted column experiments to investigate electrical signatures resulting from concurrent CaCO₃ and iron oxides precipitation under simulated field geochemical conditions. We identified CaCO₃ as a major mineral phase throughout the columns, with magnetite present primarily close to the influent based on XRD analysis. Electrical measurements revealed decreases in conductivity and polarization of both columns, suggesting that electrically insulating CaCO₃ dominates the electrical response despite the presence of electrically conductive iron oxides. SEM/EDX imaging suggests that the electrical signal reflects the geometrical arrangement of the mineral phases. CaCO₃ forms insulating films on ZVI/magnetite surfaces, restricting charge transfer between the pore electrolyte and ZVI particles, as well as across interconnected ZVI particles. As surface reactivity also depends on the ability of the surface to engage in redox reactions via charge transfer, electrical measurements may provide a minimally invasive technology for monitoring reactivity loss due to CaCO₃ precipitation. Comparison between laboratory and field data shows consistent changes in electrical signatures due to iron corrosion and secondary mineral precipitation.     

Evidence for coupled iron and nitrate reduction in the surface waters of Jiaozhou Bay

Iron and nitrate (NO₃^?) are dominant physiologically required nutrients for phytoplankton growth, and iron may also play a key role in the marine nitrogen cycle. In this study, we investigated the temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved iron (DFe) and Fe(II) in the surface waters of Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) from April 2 to July 26, 2017. High concentrations of DFe and Fe(II) predominantly occurred in nearshore and estuarine stations and concentrations were generally higher in April and May. The highest DFe concentration was observed along the coast of Hongdao (51.55 nmol/L) in May, while the lowest concentration was observed in the western coastal region (2.88 nmol/L) in April. The highest and lowest Fe(II) concentrations were observed in the Licun estuary (22.42 nmol/L) and outer bay (0.50 nmol/L) in May, respectively. We calculated the proportions of nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) as well as the ratio of Fe(II) to DFe in all four months. The mean Fe(II)/DFe ratio was 0.48 in April, 0.43 in May, 0.69 in June, and 0.32 in July. The mean ratio of NO₃^? to DIN was 0.78 in April, 0.54 in May, 0.20 in June, and 0.62 in July. NO₃^?/DIN continuously decreased in the first three months, while Fe(II)/DFe remained high, which suggests that the reduction of iron and nitrate occurred simultaneously in the surface waters of JZB.     

上海城区和临安本底站PM_(2.5)的物化特征及来源解析

2008年4月在上海城区(徐家汇)和浙江临安大气污染本底站2个地区同步采集PM2.5样品,利用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM/EDS)和同步辐射相关技术对两地PM2.5的微观形貌、化学元素组成及来源,以及重金属元素Zn的价态进行了分析.结果表明,徐家汇、临安的PM2.5平均质量浓度分别为(131.6±65.2),(83.5±22.9)μg/m3.徐家汇地区PM2.5主要由烟尘、飞灰、矿物质等组成;临安地区PM2.5中主要为不规则形貌颗粒物.上海城区PM2.5中重金属元素的浓度明显高于临安地区样品.同步辐射X射线吸收近边结构谱的结果显示,两地PM2.5中的Zn元素都以ZnSO4为主要存在形式.富集因子法分析19种元素中,除K、Ca外,其他元素在PM2.5中富集程度上海均高于临安地区.