Preparation and characterization of boron-doped corn straw biochar: Fe (Ⅱ) removal equilibrium and kinetics

Nowadays, iron ions as a ubiquitous heavy metal pollutant are gradually concerned and the convenient and quick removal of excessive iron ions in groundwater has become a major challenge for the safety of drinking water. In this study, boron-doped biochar (B-BC) was successfully prepared at various preparation conditions with the addition of boric acid. The as-prepared material has a more developed pore structure and a larger specific surface area (up to 897.97 m²/g). A series of characterization results shows that boric acid effectively activates biochar, and boron atoms are successfully doped on biochar. Compared with the ratio of raw materials, the pyrolysis temperature has a greater influence on the amount of boron doping. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of 800B-BC_1:2 at 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C are 50.02 mg/g, 95.09 mg/g, 132.78 mg/g, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model can better describe the adsorption process, the adsorption process is mainly chemical adsorption. Chemical complexation, ions exchange, and co-precipitation may be the main mechanisms for Fe²⁺ removal.     

Uranium and other trace elements’ distribution in Korean granite: implications for the influence of iron oxides on uranium migration

To understand trace radionuclide (uranium) migration occurring in rocks, a granitic batholith located at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) site was selected and investigated. The rock samples obtained from this site were examined using mineralogical methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The changes in the distribution pattern of uranium (U) and small amounts of trace elements, and the mineralogical textures affected by weathering, were examined. Based on the element distribution analyses, it was found that Fe²⁺ released from fresh biotite is oxidized in short geological time, forming amorphous iron oxides, such as ferrihydrite, around silicate minerals. In that case, the amorphous ferrihydrite does not show distinct adsorption for U. However, as it gradually crystallizes to goethite or hematite, the most U-rich phases were found to be associated with the secondary iron oxides having granular forms. This evidence suggests that the geological subsurface environment is favorable for the crystallized iron oxides to keep their structures more stable for a long time as compared with the amorphous phases. There is a possibility that the long residence of U which is in contact with the stable crystalline phases of iron may finally lead to the partial sequestration of U in their structure. Consequently, it seems that Fe-oxide crystallization can be a dominating mechanism for U uptake and controls long-term U transport in granites with low U contents.     

铁屑吸附-微波辐照-内电解协同处理结晶紫染料废水

以结晶紫为模型化合物,提出了一种新的“铁屑吸附—微波辐照—内电解”协同处理染料废水的方法。试验结果表明,吸附在铁屑表面的染料通过微波催化裂解和内电解协同作用迅速降解,染料溶液的脱色率和COD去除率分别达到99％和95％以上。废铁屑经8次使用后仍有良好的处理效果。研究了各种相关因素对染料废水脱色的影响。     

Influence of tidal regime on the distribution of trace metals in a contaminated tidal freshwater marsh soil colonized with common reed (Phragmites australis)

A historical input of trace metals into tidal marshes fringing the river Scheldt may be a cause for concern. Nevertheless, the specific physicochemical form, rather than the total concentration, determines the ecotoxicological risk of metals in the soil. In this study the effect of tidal regime on the distribution of trace metals in different compartments of the soil was investigated. As, Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in sediment, pore water and in roots were determined along a depth profile. Total sediment metal concentrations were similar at different sites, reflecting pollution history. Pore water metal concentrations were generally higher under less flooded conditions (mean is (2.32 ± 0.08) × 10⁻³ mg Cd L⁻¹ and (1.53 ± 0.03) × 10⁻³ mg Cd L⁻¹). Metal concentrations associated with roots (mean is 202.47 ± 2.83 mg Cd kg⁻¹ and 69.39 ± 0.99 mg Cd kg⁻¹) were up to 10 times higher than sediment (mean is 20.48 ± 0.19 mg Cd kg⁻¹ and 20.42 ± 0.21 mg Cd kg⁻¹) metal concentrations and higher under dryer conditions. Despite high metal concentrations associated with roots, the major part of the metals in the marsh soil is still associated with the sediment as the overall biomass of roots is small compared to the sediment.     

Spatial variability of arsenic concentration in soils and plants, and its relationship with iron, manganese and phosphorus

Spatial distribution of arsenic (As) concentrations of irrigation water, soil and plant (rice) in a shallow tube-well (STW) command area (8 ha), and their relationship with Fe, Mn and P were studied. Arsenic concentrations of water in the 110 m long irrigation channel clearly decreased with distance from the STW point, the range being 68-136 μg L⁻¹. Such decreasing trend was also noticed with Fe and P concentrations, but the trend for Mn concentrations was not remarkable. Concerning soil As, the concentration showed a decreasing tendency with distance from the pump. The NH₄-oxalate extractable As contributed 36% of total As and this amount of As was associated with poorly crystalline Fe-oxides. Furthermore only 22% of total As was phosphate extractable so that most of the As was tightly retained by soil constituents and was not readily exchangeable by phosphate. Soil As (both total and extractable As) was significantly and positively correlated with rice grain As (0.296 ± 0.063 μg g⁻¹, n = 56). Next to drinking water, rice could be a potential source of As exposure of the people living in the As affected areas of Bangladesh.     

Remediation of copper-contaminated topsoils from a wood treatment facility using in situ stabilisation

Five organic matters, three phosphate compounds, zerovalent iron grit (ZVIG, 2% by soil weight), two alkaline compounds, and two commercial formulations were incorporated, singly and some combined with ZVIG, into a highly Cu-contaminated topsoil (Soil P7, 2600 mg Cu kg⁻¹) from a wood treatment facility. Formulations and two composts were also singly incorporated into a slightly Cu-contaminated topsoil (Soil P10, 118 mg Cu kg⁻¹) from the facility surrounding. This aimed to reduce the labile pool of Cu and its accumulation in beans cultivated on potted soils in a climatic chamber. Lowest Cu concentration in soil solution occurred in P7 soils amended with activated carbon (5%) and ZVIG, singly and combined. Basic slag (3.9%) and compost of sewage sludge (5%) combined with ZVIG promoted shoot production and limited foliar Cu accumulation. For amended P10 soils, no changes occurred in soil solution and foliar Cu concentrations, but one compost increased shoot production.     

硝基苯类废水的预处理技术研究

Fe(OH)2对硝基苯具有强烈的还原作用，短时间内可把硝基苯还原为苯胺。催化铁屑法处理硝基苯类废水，除了包括铁屑法处理废水的各种反应外，还能使硝基苯在其表面直接还原，且反应在弱碱性条件下效果较好。m(Fe)：m(Cu)为10：1，pH为9．5，废水硝基苯进水质量浓度为250mg／L，反应时间为30min，硝基苯的去除率达100％。     

Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs from Chinese iron foundries

The iron foundry industry is considered to be a potential source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). This study investigated the emission factors and total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) from iron foundries in China. The concentrations and the World Health Organization toxicity equivalents (WHO-TEQs) are presented and the congener profiles are discussed in this paper.In the present work, 26 fly ash samples were collected and tested to quantify the PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs generated by 14 plants of different scales, and five stack gas samples were collected from two (named as EFG and LFG) of those plants. The emission levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs indicated that hot-air cupolas had lower emissions than cold-air cupolas. When iron ore lump and sinter were used as raw material, the emission factors were about 250 ng TEQ t⁻¹ of product. However, if the raw material was scrap, the emission factors varied owing to the different contents of organic materials in the raw materials. It was found that the mean WHO-TEQ values of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 144 and 34.2 pg Nm⁻³ in stack gas and 20.0 and 1.58 pg g⁻¹ in fly ash. In multiple tests, it was estimated that the mean emission factors of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were 365 and 10.9 ng WHO-TEQ t⁻¹ released to residue and 2719 and 555 ng TEQ t⁻¹ released to air. The total emission amounts of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs from Chinese iron foundries with cupola furnaces released to residue and air were 16.8 and 146 g WHO-TEQ in 2008, respectively.     

有机膦萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中Cr和Fe

采用磷酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(D2EHPA)和磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,萃取分离制革污泥淋滤液中的Cr3 与Fe3 .结果表明,在pH 2.2时,采用5?EHPA-正己烷萃取体系,Fe3 的萃取率达到99%,有效地分离了制革污泥淋滤液中的Fe3 和Cr3 .以5 mol·l-1的盐酸作为反萃剂反萃负载有机相,20min时的反萃率可以达到90%左右.以TBP和 D2EHPA为萃取剂萃取分离Cr3 与Fe3 时,降低了污泥淋滤液中Fe3 的萃取率,这是由于TBP的加入降低了D2EHPA的有效浓度.同时TBP的加入阻碍了萃取物分子和反萃剂的接触,降低了Fe3 的反萃率.     

活性氧化铁/石英砂吸附剂去除水体中的重金属

介绍了活性氧化铁／石英砂吸附剂的特点和制备方法。该吸附能有效去除水体中的重金属，包括阳离子、阴离子、重金属颗粒物及一些络离子，且容易再生，被吸附的金属可以回收。