干旱胁迫下5种三叶草的生理反应(英文)

为了解三叶草属抗旱的生理机理,寻找适宜干旱地区种植的三叶草品种,比较了地三叶草(Trifoliumsubterraneum L.)、大花三叶草(T.michelianum Savi)、白三叶草(T.repens L.)、高加索三叶草(T.ambiguum M.Bieb.)和草莓三叶草(T.fragiferum L.)在人工干旱条件下4 wk的生长和生理反应.结果表明,干旱处理下大花三叶草、草莓三叶草和白三叶草地上部分干重严重减少,分别降低了70%、66%和64%,而高加索三叶草和地三叶草减少不到50%;高加索三叶草叶片水势降低到-2.0 MPa以下,而其他4种三叶草只降低到-1.5MPa左右;高加索三叶草和草莓三叶草叶片光合速率降低25%,而地三叶草、白三叶草和大花三叶草下降35%~63%.此外,干旱条件下,5种供试三叶草叶片中游离脯氨酸含量普遍增加,其中高加索三叶草和白三叶草分别增加到2.5倍和3.1倍.研究显示高加索三叶草在多项重要生长和生理指标中表现出很强的抗旱性,因此认为其可作为干旱地区栽培白叶草的补充或替代种.图1表3参22     

三油酸甘油脂-醋酸纤维素复合膜测定水中有机氯农药生物有效性

以异狄氏剂、狄氏剂和p,p'-滴滴涕3种持久性有机氯农药为研究对象,通过室内模拟实验,验证了三油酸甘油脂-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAM)富集水中自由溶解态疏水性有机物的假设,研究了水中溶解性有机碳对TECAM富集3种有机氯农药的影响,并与相同暴露条件下日本青鳉鱼的富集结果进行了比较.结果表明,TECAM只富集水中自由溶解形态的疏水性有机物;水中存在的溶解性有机碳会降低3种有机氯农药被TECAM和青鳉富集的可利用性;TECAM和青鳉的富集结果有很好的可比性.因此,TECAM能够用来预测疏水性有机污染物在不同溶解性有机碳含量的水中被鱼体富集的生物有效性.     

The toxicity of titanium dioxide nanopowder to early life stages of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

In this study, fertilized Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos were exposed from fertilization to 5 d post-hatch using static non-renewal assays to aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO₂) ranging in nominal concentrations between 0 and 14 μg mL⁻¹. The average size of the nTiO₂ in the stock solution before addition to the test treatments was 87 nm (±14 nm). TiO₂ materials accumulated in a concentration dependent manner on the chorionic filaments of developing medaka embryos with evidence of pericardial edema occurring during embryo development. However, no significant (p > 0.05) increases in mortality relative to control treatments were observed for the nTiO₂ exposed embryos. A concentration dependent increase in cumulative percent hatch was observed at 11 d, indicating that exposure to increasing concentrations of nTiO₂ resulted in the premature hatch of medaka embryos. Post-hatch, a significant proportion of sac fry from the nTiO₂ exposure groups exhibited moribund swimming behavior and these individuals also experienced greater mortality at 15 d post-hatch. Combined, these results demonstrate that exposure to nTiO₂ can impact the development of early life stages of fish.     

日本企业安全管理探讨

介绍了日本安全监管体系及行业协会和组织在安全监管中发挥的作用。日本安全监察机构十分重视安全的超前管理和过程管理,不是在事故发生后再去调查、追究责任。日本安全行业协会和组织在组织安全培训教育,为从业人员提供安全咨询和技术支持,推动整个行业的安全技术进步中起了较大作用。剖析了日本企业在安全管理方面的有效方法,如：＂零事故＂活动、安全自主管理活动、KYT活动、SST培训、安全体感培训。日本企业的安全管理追求简单、务实、高效,回归安全管理本质,夯实安全管理基础,事故发生率较低。希望文中介绍的内容和观点能引起广泛讨论,引导国内企业借鉴日本企业先进的安全管理经验,取长补短,创新安全工作思路,提升安全管理水平。     

Recent Land Cover History and Nutrient Retention in Riparian Wetlands

Wetland ecosystems are profoundly affected by altered nutrient and sediment loads received from anthropogenic activity in their surrounding watersheds. Our objective was to compare a gradient of agricultural and urban land cover history during the period from 1949 to 1997, with plant and soil nutrient concentrations in, and sediment deposition to, riparian wetlands in a rapidly urbanizing landscape. We observed that recent agricultural land cover was associated with increases in Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) concentrations in a native wetland plant species. Conversely, recent urban land cover appeared to alter receiving wetland environmental conditions by increasing the relative availability of P versus N, as reflected in an invasive, but not a native, plant species. In addition, increases in surface soil Fe content suggests recent inputs of terrestrial sediments associated specifically with increasing urban land cover. The observed correlation between urban land cover and riparian wetland plant tissue and surface soil nutrient concentrations and sediment deposition, suggest that urbanization specifically enhances the suitability of riparian wetland habitats for the invasive species Japanese stiltgrass [Microstegium vimenium (Trinius) A. Camus].     

Analysis of the effects diclofenac has on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) using real-time PCR

The expression levels of cytochrome P450 1A, p53 and vitellogenin were investigated in three different tissues of male medaka fish after exposure to diclofenac that is one of the main concerns among pharmaceuticals frequently found in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents. The results showed that cytochrome P450 1A, p53 and vitellogenin were highly expressed in tissue-specific gene expression patterns after exposure to 8 mg/l and 1 μg/l of diclofenac. These elevated expression levels of three biomarkers suggested that diclofenac has potential to cause cellular toxicity, p53-related genotoxicity and estrogenic effects. It is also noteworthy that diclofenac has the potential to cause these effects even at an environmentally relevant concentration of diclofenac, 1 μg/l.     

不同密度五种植物对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应

以入侵植物薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K）和多年生植物高羊茅（Festuca elata Keng ex E.Alexeev）、黑麦草（Lolium perenne）、黄花蒿（Artemisia annua L.）、杂三叶（Alsike clover.）和紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）为试验材料,温室条件下采用密度添加系列设计,研究了5种植物在不同密度下对薇甘菊幼苗的竞争效应,为薇甘菊生物替代提供理论依据。结果表明,（1）5种受试植物及其不同种植密度对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数具有极显著影响（P〈0.001）,但两者互作除对薇甘菊幼苗的株高显著影响外,对其幼苗的生物量和分枝数均无显著影响。（2）同等密度条件下,供试5种植物中的黑麦草和黄花蒿对薇甘菊幼苗的生物量、株高和分枝数的抑制作用最强,高羊茅次之,杂三叶和紫花苜蓿对薇甘菊幼苗的生长抑制作用最弱。（3）5种植物与薇甘菊混种组合中薇甘菊的相对产量（RY）均显著小于1,说明供试5种植物对薇甘菊的种间竞争作用强于其种内竞争;不同密度的黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅与薇甘菊混种,3种竞争植物的竞争平衡指数（CB）均显著大于0;而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿仅在其与薇甘菊的混种密度分别大于200和300株/m2时,其竞争平衡指数（CB）大于0,而低密度时均小于0;说明供试5种植物中,黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅的竞争能力强于薇甘菊幼苗,而杂三叶和紫花苜蓿在低密度条件下的竞争能力较薇甘菊幼苗弱。可见黑麦草、黄花蒿和高羊茅有望被作为替代竞争植物用来对薇甘菊进替代控制。     

3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉早期生命阶段毒性效应初步研究

为了评价杀菌剂对水生生物的基础毒性,在室内进行了多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性效应.急性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵、三唑酮和三唑醇对日本青鳉幼鱼96 h-LC₅₀值分别为0.47(0.42~0.51) mg·L^-1、11.02(9.34~13.01)mg·L^-1、14.49(12.28~17.10)mg·L^-1.胚胎60 d慢性毒性试验结果表明,多菌灵对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC_60d)为5.2 μg·L^-1,暴露在10~37 μg·L^-1浓度范围内对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率均有显著影响;三唑酮对日本青鳉幼鱼存活率的LOEC_60d为75 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于240 μg·L^-1时对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响;三唑醇对日本青鳉胚胎孵化率的LOEC_60d为140 μg·L^-1,暴露浓度高于520 μg·L^-1时三唑醇对胚胎孵化时间、幼鱼存活率、体长、湿重等均有显著影响.3种杀菌剂对日本青鳉幼体阶段的毒性次序为:多菌灵>三唑酮、三唑醇,胚胎孵化时间和幼鱼存活率可作为慢性毒性的敏感指标.     

Effects of Alternative Cotton Agriculture on Avian and Arthropod Populations

Abstract:  Among the major agricultural crops in the southeastern United States, cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) generally provides the least suitable habitat for most early successional songbirds. Newer cropping approaches, such as use of conservation tillage and stripcover cropping, offer hope for improving the ecological value of cotton fields. We examined the effects of clover stripcover cropping with conservation tillage versus conventionally grown cotton with either conventional or conservation tillage on avian and arthropod species composition and field use in east-central Georgia. Stripcover fields had higher bird densities and biomass and higher relative abundance of arthropods than both conservation tillage and conventional fields. During migration and breeding periods, total bird densities on stripcover fields were 2–6 times and 7–20 times greater than on conservation and conventional fields, respectively. Abundance and biomass for epigeal arthropods were also greatest on stripcover fields during much of the breeding season. Although the clover treatment attracted the highest avian and arthropod densities, conservation fields still provided more wildlife and agronomic benefits than conventional management. Our findings suggest that both conservation tillage and stripcropping systems will improve conditions for birds in cotton, with stripcropped fields providing superior habitat. The reduction of inputs possible with the clover system could allow farmers to lower costs associated with conventional cotton production by $282–317/ha. This reduction of input, coupled with similar or possibly increased yield over conventional systems makes stripcover cropping not only a good choice for reducing negative impacts on wildlife and surrounding ecosystems, but also an economically desirable one.     

氰戊菊酯和氯化镉暴露下日本青鳉的行为反应差异

以天然河流中的日本青鳉(Oryzias latipes)行为变化规律为基础,采用水质安全在线生物预警系统(BEWs-1.1)对氰戊菊酯和氯化镉暴露下日本青鳉的行为反应进行了探讨.结果表明:1)在源水中,日本青鳉行为反应具有明显规律性,并表现出生物钟现象;2)氰戊菊酯和氯化镉连续暴露和间断暴露中,日本青鳉行为反应与污染物浓度和暴露时间均直接相关,并表现出相似的行为变化规律性,行为变化均符合生物行为的环境胁迫阈模型;3)高浓度(10mg·L-1)氯化镉间断暴露下的日本青鳉行为强度变化与低浓度(2mg·L-1)连续暴露下的行为强度变化差别不明显,而高浓度(10mg·L-1)氰戊菊酯间断暴露下的日本青鳉行为强度变化与低浓度(2mg·L-1)连续暴露时具有明显差异,高浓度暴露时产生了明显的行为毒性效应;4)器官损伤性污染物(如镉)引起的行为毒性效应在重新加入源水后可以得到部分恢复,而神经损伤性污染物(如氰戊菊酯)不可恢复,污染物不同的作用机理会影响水生生物的行为反应.