Nitrous oxide emissions from a maize field during two consecutive growing seasons in the North China Plain

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from a maize field in the North China Plain (Wangdu County, Hebei Province, China) were investigated using static chambers during two consecutive maize growing seasons in the 2008 and 2009. The N₂O pulse emissions occurred with duration of about 10 days after basal and additional fertilizer applications in the both years. The average N₂O fluxes from the CK (control plot, without crop, fertilization and irrigation), NP (chemical N fertilizer), SN (wheat straw returning plus chemical N fertilizer), OM- 1/2N (chicken manure plus half chemical N fertilizer) and OMN (chicken manure plus chemical N fertilizer) plots in 2008 were 8.51, 72.1, 76.6, 101, 107 ng N/(m²·sec), respectively, and in 2009 were 33.7, 30.0 and 35.0 ng N/(m²·sec) from CK, NP and SN plots, respectively. The emission factors of the applied fertilizer as N₂O-N (EFs) were 3.8% (2008) and 1.1% (2009) for the NP plot, 3.2% (2008) and 1.2% (2009) for the SN plot, and 2.8% and 2.2% in 2008 for the OM-1/2N and OMN plots, respectively. Hydromorphic properties of the investigated soil (with gley) are in favor of denitrification. The large differences of the soil temperature and water-filled pore space (WFPS) between the two maize seasons were suspected to be responsible for the significant yearly variations. Compared with the treatments of NP and SN, chicken manure coupled with compound fertilizer application significantly reduced fertilizer loss rate as N₂O-N.     

Soil carbon sequestration and associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain: A meta-analysis

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates over 20 years based on the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodology were combined with local economic data to determine the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat-based production systems on the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The C sequestration potential of rice-wheat systems of India on conversion to no-tillage is estimated to be 44.1 Mt C over 20 years. Implementing no-tillage practices in maize-wheat and cotton-wheat production systems would yield an additional 6.6 Mt C. This offset is equivalent to 9.6% of India's annual greenhouse gas emissions (519 Mt C) from all sectors (excluding land use change and forestry), or less than one percent per annum. The economic analysis was summarized as carbon supply curves expressing the total additional C accumulated over 20 year for a price per tonne of carbon sequestered ranging from zero to USD 200. At a carbon price of USD 25 Mg C⁻¹, 3 Mt C (7% of the soil C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years through the implementation of no-till cropping practices in rice-wheat systems of the Indian States of the IGP, increasing to 7.3 Mt C (17% of the soil C sequestration potential) at USD 50 Mg C⁻¹. Maximum levels of sequestration could be attained with carbon prices approaching USD 200 Mg C⁻¹ for the States of Bihar and Punjab. At this carbon price, a total of 34.7 Mt C (79% of the estimated C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years across the rice-wheat region of India, with Uttar Pradesh contributing 13.9 Mt C.     

吉林省西部新增灌区水田非点源污染负荷估算

吉林省西部实施土地整理和引水工程新增水田1.53×105ha,同时暴露了以T-N、T-P和总盐量为特征污染物的严重的农田非点源污染问题。应用美国通用土壤流失量方程(USLE)和美国农业非点源管理与化学径流模型(CREAMS),结合典型流域单元试验农田连续监测,估算了吉林省西部地区盐碱地改水田新增非点源污染物TN、TP和总盐量年输出负荷。研究表明:吉林省西部新增水田非点源污染物输出总负荷:氮素4 029.561 t/a(26.337 kg/ha),磷素1 407.982 5 t/a(9.242 5 kg/ha),总盐分851 537.871 t/a(5 565.607kg/ha)。按照驱动作用力分析,降雨径流与农田排水共同驱动水田氮素流失,降雨径流是磷流失主要驱动力,田间排水是总盐分流失主要驱动力。     

三江平原湿地生态环境状况研究

采用微观监测和宏观监测相结合的方式,对三江平原湿地类型与面积、湿地水质、生物多样性进行了研究,并分析近5年内湿地景观的变化情况。结果显示:三江平原湿地以沼泽湿地为主,部分地区湿地水质受到污染,主要污染物为高锰酸盐指数、生化需氧量、氨氮和石油类;湿地生物多样性丰富;2004～2009年,三江平原各类湿地面积变化很小。     

三江平原湿地生态环境监测与保护

本文从生态环境角度论述了三江平原湿地生态环境监测与保护现状,针对具体现状,提出了具体的保护措施。     

Volatile organic compounds in wintertime North China Plain: Insights from measurements of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS)

The characteristics of wintertime volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the North China Plain (NCP) region are complicated and remain obscure. VOC measurements were conducted by a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) at a rural site in the NCP from November to December 2018. Uncalibrated ions measured by PTR-ToF-MS were quantified and the overall VOC compositions were investigated by combining the measurements of PTR-ToF-MS and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The measurement showed that although atmospheric VOCs concentrations are often dominated by primary emissions, the secondary formation of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) is non-negligible in the wintertime, i.e., OVOCs accounts for 42% ± 7% in the total VOCs (151.3 ± 75.6 ppbV). We demonstrated that PTR-MS measurements for isoprene are substantially overestimated due to the interferences of cycloalkanes. The chemical changes of organic carbon in a pollution accumulation period were investigated, which suggests an essential role of fragmentation reactions for large, chemically reduced compounds during the heavy-polluted stage in wintertime pollution. The changes of emission ratios of VOCs between winter 2011 and winter 2018 in the NCP support the positive effect of “coal to gas” strategies in curbing air pollutants. The high abundances of some key species (e.g. oxygenated aromatics) indicate the strong emissions of coal combustion in wintertime of NCP. The ratio of naphthalene to C8 aromatics was proposed as a potential indicator of the influence of coal combustion on VOCs.     

黄淮海平原灌溉水量变化特征及其与气象干旱的关系

以黄淮海平原为研究区,以WaterGAP用水量模型的灌溉耗水量与取水量数据、scPDSI数据为基础,探讨了黄淮海平原灌溉用水量变化特征及其与气象干旱的关系。研究结果表明：黄淮海平原耗水量约占取水量的1/3,其中河北南部、河南和山东等地区用水量均高于其他地区,耕地集中分布区灌溉用水量明显高于其他地区,2003—2014年灌溉取水量呈增加趋势,约37 mm/月;黄淮海平原气象条件趋于干旱,其中2006—2014年干旱连续多发,scPDSI与灌溉取水量距平值大于0的单元数间具有显著的非线性相关关系（R²=0.60）,其中8-12月二者相关关系较为显著;气象干旱是黄淮海平原灌溉用水量增加的重要原因,在气象干旱和农业灌溉的共同影响下,研究区水储量亏损量持续增加。     

2000—2015年江汉平原农田生态系统NPP时空变化特征

基于MODIS数据和VPM（Vegetation Photosynthesis Model）模型估算2000—2015年江汉平原农田NPP,利用空间自相关和Sen趋势分析方法,分析16年间江汉平原农田NPP的时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）江汉平原农田年均NPP在2000—2005年呈上升趋势,2005—2009年呈波动性下降趋势,2009—2015年呈上升趋势;农田年NPP总量在2000—2015年整体上趋于平稳。（2）高中低产田面积占比分别为66.03%、27.04%和6.93%。2000—2015年NPP具有很强的空间聚集性且呈逐年增强趋势,并随空间距离增加聚集性减弱;江汉平原NPP主要呈高—高聚集和低—低聚集特征。（3）江汉平原农田NPP显著上升、无显著变化和显著下降区域面积分别占1.30%、69.50%和29.20%。     

汾渭平原空气质量的时空特征及其与气象因子的关系

汾渭平原是继京津冀和长三角之后环境污染治理的第三大重点区域,为发挥协同作用改善区域大气质量提供更为科学客观的依据,基于2014—2019年汾渭平原11个重点城市的空气质量监测资料和气象数据,利用统计方法分别从空间和时间尺度上揭示了汾渭平原空气质量指数以及主要污染物特征,及其与气象因子的关系.结果表明：11个城市中有7个城市的年均AQI指数100以上,重度以上天数占6%,重污染聚集区主要集中在关中中东部.从时间尺度看,AQI的年际波动明显且在2017年之后略有改善,冬春季特别是1月污染最为严重且呈现出明显的周末效应.首要污染物的季节差异较大,冬季以PM_2.5和PM₁₀为主,而夏季则主要以O₃为主,春秋季则分别以PM₁₀和PM_2.5为主.从气象影响因子看,年尺度上气压、降水、平均气温以及混合层高度除与O₃为正相关外与其它污染物均为显著的负相关,且呈现出明显的季节差异.而降水无论年尺度还是季节尺度上均对空气质量有利,特别是中雨量级以上的降水过程对颗粒物和O₃污染的改善作用明显.     

成都平原西部土壤氮素空间变异特征及影响因素

为探究成都平原西部土壤氮素的空间异质性及其影响因素,基于134个耕层土壤采样点,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法揭示w（TN）和w（AN）（AN为碱解氮）的空间变异特征,并利用方差分析和回归分析,研究不同因素对其空间变异的影响程度.结果表明:研究区土壤w（TN）为0.81~3.50 g/kg,平均值为1.94 g/kg;w（AN）为44.42~263.99 mg/kg,平均值为138.70 mg/kg.半方差分析显示,土壤w（TN）和w（AN）的块金效应分别为52.41%和63.92%,具有中等程度的空间自相关,表明其空间分布受结构性和随机性因素共同影响.土壤氮素空间分布特征均呈现由东北向西南逐渐递增趋势.回归分析结果表明,成土母质能独立解释14.8%和9.4%的w（TN）和w（AN）空间变异;土壤类型（土类、亚类和土属）对研究区w（TN）和w（AN）空间变异的独立解释能力分别在3.6%~17.2%和5.7%~17.2%之间.各土地利用方式下,土壤w（TN）、w（AN）平均值均表现为耕地>农林用地>园地,土地利用方式对土壤w（TN）空间变异的独立解释能力仅5.8%,对w（AN）无显著影响.研究显示,成都平原西部土壤氮素含量总体处于丰富水平,其中温江-郫县一带含量相对较低,高值区在金马河以南区域.成土母质和土壤类型对土壤氮素空间变异的影响总体高于土地利用方式.