Short-Term Opportunities for Decreasing CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

There is a strong political will to decrease CO₂ emissions. Although the steel industry only accounts for some 5% of worldwide CO₂ emissions (which totalled 1,200 million tonnes per annum in the late 1990s), it will be strongly affected by this. The EU, for example, is putting up strong economic incentives for reductions. This is taking place at a time when demand for steel products is greater than ever. To radically change existing processes and production routes to decrease the CO₂ emissions would be extremely expensive, even if it were possible. Nevertheless, many of the solutions which have been discussed seem to go in this direction. The other alternative discussed seems to be the creation of process solutions and alterations that lead to a focusing of CO₂ streams, i.e., much higher CO₂ concentrations in flue gases than today, for entrapment of the CO₂ so that it is not discharged into the atmosphere. These solutions are feasible, but expensive.

However, there exists today a number of solutions and technologies which, if fully implemented, could substantially decrease CO₂ emissions without seriously altering current methods of operation; they are short-term viable solutions. The present paper reviews and discusses such technologies, throughout the steel production paths. If these solutions are fully implemented, the combined impact on CO₂ emissions from the steel industry worldwide is estimated to be a reduction of 100–150 million tonnes of CO₂ per annum, i.e., current emissions can be reduced by some 8–10% within a relatively short time span.     

Influence of “Holiday Tourism Circle of Beijing“ on Chengde Tourism Spatial Alteration and Reconstruction

Chengde City, famous for its cultural sightseeing tourism industry, and is located in China‘s “Capital Holiday Tourism Circle“. This location is advantageous, because of the recent boom in China‘s national tourism industry. This industry has gone through several structural and development changes with in the past several years. A result of these restructuring patterns is the great changes concerning competitive and cooperative relations among tourism destinations, which have precipitated the decline of the traditional sightseeing pattern.Northern China‘s “Capital Holiday Tourism Circle“ is one of nine key areas within the Chinese tourism industry under development during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan. In the present article the method of “Distance Decline of The Tourist Flow“ was used to define the flow of tourists in the Capital Holiday Tourism Circle and its influence upon Chengde‘s tourism spatial distribution. 3 aspects will be discussed: (1) The transformation from sightseeing to leisure markets makes the change possible in Chengde‘s tourism spatial pattern. (2) The location advantage (adjacent to Beijing and Tianjin) also leads to the change in Chengde tourism spatial pattern. (3) The establishment of freeways also contributes to a great degrees of change.The rapid development of leisure tourism might lead to the change from nucleus model to a diversified one within Chengde‘s tourism. Specifically, Chengde is developing the tourism industry with the central heritage area as the nucleus and the northern forest,pasture,southern mountain, and rivers as its periphery.     

Twin-roll casting of aluminum–steel clad strips

The results of experiments on twin-roll casting of aluminum–steel clad strips are presented. For the first time this energy-saving production technology for a clad material of this metals combination was implemented. Besides the experimental equipment and processing details, the results of metallographic, electron microprobe and transmission electron microscopy analysis of the aluminum–steel interface are shown. The pack rolling and deep-drawing tests of the twin-roll cast clad strips were performed to check their applicability for a further processing using plastic deformation. In addition adhesive strength of the bond was tested. The performed analysis have shown the formation of a continuous, thin and uniform layer of intermetallic phases on the materials interface of approx. 3 μm thickness having an adhesive strength over 70 MPa.     

The influence of iron flow on iron resource efficiency in the steel manufacturing process

An iron resource efficiency is proposed to define a measure of the natural iron resources saved in the steel manufacturing process. A simplified iron flow diagram is presented for the steel manufacturing process. The influences of various deviations in iron flow from the simplified iron flow diagram on iron resource efficiency are analyzed. The relationships between iron resource efficiency of unit processes and the final product are also discussed. As an example, data from a steel plant are used to analyze the influence of iron flow on its iron resource efficiency of finial product in the steel manufacturing process, the influence of iron resource efficiency of unit process on iron resource efficiency of the final product, and give some measures to improve the iron resource efficiency of the steel manufacturing process.     

Dynamic material flow analysis of steel resources in Korea

Material flow analysis (MFA) is an evaluation technique that systematically identifies the flows and stocks of materials within predefined spatial and temporal boundaries. In this paper, the steel resources in Korea are investigated using dynamic MFA. Iron ore and steel scrap are added as raw material components during the production processes of steel, which is then used in a variety of product groups such as construction products, transportation equipment, machinery/metal products, electrical/electronic devices, and other products through fabrication and manufacturing processes. When such product groups are discarded, they are either recycled or landfilled. With consideration for the lifetimes of various product groups in conjunction with steel resource flows in Korea, dynamic MFA is conducted on the flows of steel stock change and annual scrap generation. By 2020, these two flows are expected to increase by as much as 40% and 30%, respectively, compared to 2008, with transportation equipment, in particular, envisaged to experience high growth. At the current recycling rate, however, it will be hard to meet future scrap demand. According to the scenario analysis, 100% of this future scrap demand can be supplied domestically if the recycling rate is increased to over 70% for all product groups, except construction products and transportation equipment, which already have high recycling rates. By 2020, the reduction in scrap importation costs is projected to offer a financial gain of 2.3 billion dollars.     

通过剖析达钢二次能源综合利用分析钢铁行业节能减排潜力

二次能源综合利用是我国钢铁行业完成节能减排既定目标的技术关键.本文通过对达钢二次能源综合利用的剖析,评述了钢铁行业节能减排的潜力.     

区域旅游发展动力机制模式研究——以安徽省会经济圈为例

旅游发展动力机制研究一直是旅游学研究的热点,特别是关于区域旅游发展动力机制模式的研究更是旅游界以及各级政府、旅游规划部门等研究和关注的重点.通过对国内外旅游发展动力机制研究的综述以及旅游发展动力机制模式的评析总结的基础上提出了资源驱动型、经济驱动型、项目带动型、市场推动型、政策主动型、区域联动型等六类区域旅游发展动力机制模式,并以安徽省会经济圈为例进行了案例研究,提出了发展建议和对策.     

人力资本流动对地区经济增长差距的影响

由于具有不同教育背景和不同技术条件的劳动力对流入地经济增长的推动肯定是不相同的．因而我们有必要分别考察具有不同人力资本含量的劳动力对流入地经济增长的贡献。本文引入了一个包含异质型流动人口变量的函数。并对1985—1990年期间我国分地区流动人口的素质状况对地区经济增长的影响进行了研究。研究结果显示，在此期间．仅流动人口中的智力资本就为我国的经济增长带来了大约72．5亿元国民生产总值的价值；而分地区的研究结果显示．流动人口中的智力资本也极大地促进了东部地区和西部地区的经济增长。但是，对中部来说，在此期间的流动人口不管是从对劳动力数量的增长贡献上。还是从对本地区人力资本存量的增长贡献上，都对本地区经济增长产生了消极的影响。     

厦门港大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

于2020年夏季和秋冬季在厦门港海天码头和嵩屿码头进行大气PM_2.5的采集,并对20种元素污染特征、来源及健康影响进行了分析.结果表明,厦门港大气PM_2.5浓度较低,且两个站点的PM_2.5浓度并无显著性差异,也不存在明显的昼夜差异.地壳元素中以Ca和Si的含量最高,而痕量元素中以Zn和Mn的含量为最高.与标准值相比,重金属元素中只有Cr（Ⅵ）出现超标.受风向和吞吐量季节性变化的影响,部分元素浓度在夏季高于秋冬季. Cu、 Zn、 SO₂和NO₂有较一致的明显昼夜变化,但来自重油燃烧排放的V和Ni并无明显昼夜差异.PMF源解析确定码头PM_2.5的4个污染因子为工业源、船舶排放、交通源和海盐+建筑尘混合源,其中工业源对PM_2.5浓度的贡献率最大（55.2%～59.4%）,远高于船舶排放的贡献率（7.1%～7.7%）.健康风险评估显示,厦门港大气PM_2.5中重金属对人群具有潜在的致癌风险(>1×10^-5...     

基于资源环境保护的清澜港红树林海岸塑料污染特征

红树林是海洋底栖生物的栖息产卵地和生物基因库,是阻挡陆源污染物入海的生物防线。塑料污染可对海洋生物造成机械伤害、毒理作用,威胁红树林生态系统的健康与稳定。通过野外踏勘和海上作业,在海南岛清澜港红树林海岸采集大塑料垃圾和海水、沉积物、底栖生物样品,采用目视鉴别和体视显微镜、显微傅里叶红外光谱仪鉴定分析研究区资源环境的塑料污染特征及来源。结果表明：大塑料垃圾主要来自于塑料袋和泡沫等生活与渔业垃圾;微塑料有碎片、纤维、线状、薄膜、颗粒和球形六种形态,多为大塑料经日晒和海水动力作用形成的碎片,人造纤维占比最高,为37.91%。研究可为红树林海岸塑料污染管控与综合治理提供决策依据,以实现红树林海岸资源环境有效保护。