Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain1

Epps, Thomas H., Daniel R. Hitchcock, Anand D. Jayakaran, Drake R. Loflin, Thomas M. Williams, and Devendra M. Amatya, 2012. Characterization of Storm Flow Dynamics of Headwater Streams in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐14. DOI: 10.1111/jawr.12000 Abstract: Hydrologic monitoring was conducted in two first‐order lower coastal plain watersheds in South Carolina, United States, a region with increasing growth and land use change. Storm events over a three‐year period were analyzed for direct runoff coefficients (ROC) and the total storm response (TSR) as percent rainfall. ROC calculations utilized an empirical hydrograph separation method that partitioned total streamflow into sustained base flow and direct runoff components. ROC ratios ranged from 0 to 0.32 on the Upper Debidue Creek (UDC) watershed and 0 to 0.57 on Watershed 80 (WS80); TSR results ranged from 0 to 0.93 at UDC and 0.01 to 0.74 at WS80. Variability in event runoff generation was attributed to seasonal trends in water table elevation fluctuation as regulated by evapotranspiration. Groundwater elevation breakpoints for each watershed were identified based on antecedent water table elevation, streamflow, ROCs, and TSRs. These thresholds represent the groundwater elevation above which event runoff generation increased sharply in response to rainfall. For effective coastal land use decision making, baseline watershed hydrology must be understood to serve as a benchmark for management goals, based on both seasonal and event‐based surface and groundwater interactions.     

Curve Number Derivation for Watersheds Draining Two Headwater Streams in Lower Coastal Plain South Carolina,USA

The objective of this study was to assess curve number (CN) values derived for two forested headwater catchments in the Lower Coastal Plain (LCP) of South Carolina using a three‐year period of storm event rainfall and runoff data in comparison with results obtained from CN method calculations. Derived CNs from rainfall/runoff pairs ranged from 46 to 90 for the Upper Debidue Creek (UDC) watershed and from 42 to 89 for the Watershed 80 (WS80). However, runoff generation from storm events was strongly related to water table elevation, where seasonally variable evapotranspirative wet and dry moisture conditions persist. Seasonal water table fluctuation is independent of, but can be compounded by, wet conditions that occur as a result of prior storm events, further complicating flow prediction. Runoff predictions for LCP first‐order watersheds do not compare closely to measured flow under the average moisture condition normally associated with the CN method. In this study, however, results show improvement in flow predictions using CNs adjusted for antecedent runoff conditions and based on water table position. These results indicate that adaptations of CN model parameters are required for reliable flow predictions for these LCP catchments with shallow water tables. Low gradient topography and shallow water table characteristics of LCP watersheds allow for unique hydrologic conditions that must be assessed and managed differently than higher gradient watersheds.     

近25年雅鲁藏布江中游蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素的变化

采用气候倾向率方法,对西藏雅鲁藏布江(下称"雅江")中游1981~2005年14个气象站年、季小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响气候因子的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:近25年西藏雅江中游年蒸发皿蒸发量在流域绝大部分站点均呈现显著的减少趋势,平均减幅为109.92mm,以夏季减少趋势最明显。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气候因子日照时数、平均风速呈现显著下降趋势,平均相对湿度、降水量表现为显著增加,平均气温显著升高,平均最低气温的升温速率(0.52℃/10a)明显比平均最高气温的升温速率(0.23℃/10a)大,导致气温日较差减少(-0.29℃/10a)。因此,雅江中游年日照时数和平均风速的显著下降,以及年平均相对湿度的明显增加可能是年蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,平均气温日较差的显著减小和降水量的增加在蒸发量减少趋势中的作用也不可忽视。     

强化水旋澄清池技术处理黄河高浊度水的试验研究

由于兰州段夏季黄河水的浊度较高,直接影响了自来水厂的正常运行,而目前水厂所用工艺无法满足高浊度水的处理要求,因此,采用自主研究开发的具有特殊结构的水旋澄清池对黄河高浊度水进行了强化处理的试验研究。研究结果表明：在多点投药混合方式下,强化水旋澄清池可提高浊度的处理效果;若在投加无机絮凝剂PAC后,再投加有机絮凝剂PAM进行复配作用,不仅可降低无机絮凝剂的用量,节约制水成本,而且提高了自来水厂的出水水质;结果也表明该水旋澄清池技术能够推广应用于黄河高浊度水的强化处理工艺中。     

浑河沈阳段“十一五”水环境建设技术对策的探讨

浑河是沈阳市水系的水脉,也是沈阳市建设与发展的命脉。“十一五”期间,沈阳市对浑河实施的大规模综合整治,实现了浑河水环境由“厌氧型严重污染水体”向“好氧型轻度污染水体”的转变。对于“十一五”浑河水环境的建设,则应以水质升级达标和生态环境建设为目标,重在“污染控制与水质改善”“水资源保护与开发利用”和“生态环境保护与建设”三个方面取得新突破和新成果。     

国外典型水环境综合整治案例分析与启示

针对我国河流湖泊水环境状况不容乐观现状,以日本琵琶湖、欧洲莱茵河、英国泰晤士河流域综合整治为例进行了分析研究,提出我国治理河流湖泊水环境需要5个方面开展工作:建立强有力的流域管理机构;坚决控制污染源;加大对环保事业的资金投入;政府经济政策向环保倾斜;把市场经济引入流域治理等。     

认真贯彻科学发展观全面有效利用黄河水资源

黄河作为包头市工农业生产和人民生活的重要水资源,需要在取水口建立体现科学发展观要求的新的取水模式,本文对黄河包头段的取水口和回排泥沙进行了分析并提出相应的对策。     

浑河沈阳段污水排放口最优规划研究

针对沈阳市经济发展和污染加剧的特点,为合理充分利用浑河水环境容量,节约投资,建立了浑河沈阳段主要排污口最优化模型,并应用分段线性化对该模型进行了线性化,进而确定排污口最优化线性模型,最后通过M atlab软件求解出各排放口的污水允许排放浓度及最低的处理费用。     

廖坊水利工程对抚河流域生态承载力的影响分析

介绍了生态足迹、生态承载力的概念和基于生态足迹理论的生态承载力计算模型。为评价水利枢纽工程对生态承载力的影响,在分析该模型缺点的基础上,采用了资源产出作为生态承载力供给的计算方法。分析了江西省廖坊水利工程建成后,生态生产性土地利用的变化情况表现在灌区和下游保护区的耕地的单位生态生产力提高等方面。最后计算了廖坊水利工程兴建之前的2001年和建成后的2007年的生态承载力。计算结果表明,廖坊水利工程建成后,生态承载力有较大提高,总的生态承载力增加了79 521 hm2,其中,可耕地的生态承载力增加了74 604 hm2,由于水库淹没导致生态承载力减少了16 735 hm2。     

河流生态用水综合评价

为完善河流生态用水综合评价,从水循环中河流生态用水角度出发,以河流水量收支平衡规律为理论基础,考虑河流本底水质,采用本底水质、排放水质和河流控制目标污染物浓度表达河流生态新污径比,并推导出污水排放允许极限值,深入探讨了河流生态用水的质与量综合评价,改进了二元循环下河流生态用水的水量水质计算方法和河流生态用水的综合评价新标准,进一步完善了河流生态用水质与量综合评价模型。用此模型对黄河2002～2005年为例进行实力分析,结果表明：①在污水一级达标排放和不调水情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例在335%～545%,在Tennant等级中为较好状态,但水质不满足要求,bo>Blim;②在污水深度处理达到95 mg/L（COD）,不调水情况下,黄河生态用水质与量满足生态环境需水要求,综合评价合格;③在污水一级达标排放和南水北调调水40亿m3情况下,黄河生态用水水量比例有较大提高,综合评价合格。这说明,黄河生态用水问题不仅是水量短缺,而且水质问题更加严重。