鸭绿江口滨海湿地环境保护及其资源持续利用对策

阐述了鸭绿江滨海湿地生态环境主要类型及其动植物资源现状、主要生态环境问题及其产生原因 ;提出了鸭绿江口滨海湿地环境保护及其资源持续利用对策     

Natural and artificial landscape change in a Dutch estuary: partially monitored with low budget method (a study in the fourth dimension)

This study includes ome aspects of the shift in the Dutch attitude in relation to water during the past millennia from defense to attack to keeping the balance(“co-evolution“).It has a special focus on the freshwater tidal part,which embraces the largest of the world:Rotterdam ,as well as the largest national park of the Northerlands.It reports especially about a young mans endeavor in half a c century real time monitoring of some land (scape) units with simple means.     

鸭绿江口的溶解无机氮

本文讨论了１９９６年５月鸭绿江溶解无机氮的含量和分布变化特征，并同其他一些河口作了比较，鸭绿江口ＮＯ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ２－Ｎ，ＮＨ４－Ｎ的平均含量分别为５０．３．０．４５和３．０５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，而丹东上游鸭绿江支流瑗河下降的溶解无机氮浓度很高，达２０３．４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，主要由农业施用氮肥大量从耕用地中流失所致。     

Estimation of far-field horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients from the concentration field of a wastewater plume near the Akashi Strait

We carried out a field study of the plume discharged by a near-shore wastewater outfall near the Akashi Strait, Japan. Using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler and a tow-body CTD, we measured the near-surface salinity and temperature fields in the region throughout an M₂ tidal cycle. We filtered the data in T–S space to remove water masses other than the wastewater, and then used the adiabatic mixing assumption to calculate the concentration of wastewater in the far field of this plume. Averaging the T–S fields of repeated surveys over a time period during which the tidal regime did not change substantially, allowed comparison of the time-averaged plume with the analytical solution for a plume diffusing in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The resulting vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients agreed well with those resulting from Thorpe scales determined via a vertically-profiling CTD, as well as with the canonical value for open channel flow of D _z = 0.067hu _*. The corresponding horizontal turbulent diffusion coefficients, however, were two orders of magnitude larger than those typically observed in straight channels, and an order of magnitude larger than those observed in meandering rivers. This is likely a result of enhanced horizontal mixing due to barotropic eddies generated by the interaction of strong tidal flow with headlands and levees, as well as due to the time-varying nature of tidal flow, and baroclinic spreading of the buoyant wastewater plume.     

The impact of detritivorous fishes on a mangrove estuarine system

Sundarban mangrove ecosystem in India is one of the largest detritus based ecosystem of the world and it supplies the detritus and nutrients to the adjacent Hooghly-Matla estuarine complex. In this estuary a group of fish completely detritivorous in nature, belonging to the genus Mugil spp. is present. This group of fish is expected to have important effects on the trophic dynamics of ecosystems, but exact nature of these effects is not known. In order to study the impact that detritivory by fish may have on the estuarine food chain, we developed mathematical formulations. We run two models, one with phytoplankton, zooplankton, carnivorous fish, detritus and nutrient and without this group of fish and a second one after including this fish in the system. In our model this group of fish has no major impact on primary productions of the estuarine system but has extensive role in total fish production. Coexistence of detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish occurs within reasonable parameter range. We have tested different growth rates of phytoplankton, grazing rates and predation rates of zooplankton, detritivorous fish and carnivorous fish for total system equilibrium. Carnivorous fish predation rate on detritivorous fish and detritivorous fish grazing rate on detritus are very important. Different foraging ratios are also tested in this study. Foraging preference of carnivorous fish on detritivorous fish appears significant for the system equilibrium.     

夏季长江口及其邻近海域海水及大气中挥发性卤代烃的分布与海-气通量研究

挥发性卤代烃(Volatile halocarbons,VHCs)是大气中重要的痕量温室气体,在全球变暖和大气化学中扮演着重要的角色.运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2016年7月4—16日对长江口及其邻近海域6种常见的挥发性卤代烃(CFC-11、CFC-12、CH2Cl2、CCl_4、C_2Cl_4、CHBr3)的浓度进行了测定.同时,测定了大气中的CCl_4、CFC-11、CFC-12和C_2Cl_4浓度.结果表明,受陆源输入、水团及生物作用因素的影响,海水中6种VHCs的浓度分布总体呈现出近岸高、远海低的趋势.受地理位置和水文等条件影响,不同的VHCs垂直分布有所差别,但浓度的高值区出现在0~20 m水体中.相关性分析表明,CHBr3与Chl-a之间存在显著正相关,说明CHBr3分布受到浮游植物生物量的影响;CCl_4、C_2Cl_4与CFC-11显著正相关,推测三者拥有相似的来源.另外,分析结果显示,CHBr3与pH之间没有相关性.大气中除CFC-11外,CCl_4、CFC-12和C_2Cl_4的平均浓度均高于全球平均值.大气中4种VHCs浓度分布表现出近岸高、外海低的趋势.后向轨迹分析表明,近岸的陆源污染及大气的扩散输送是长江口及其附近海域上方大气VHCs的重要来源.采用双膜模型估算了卤代烃的海-气通量,结果表明,夏季长江口及其邻近海域是大气中CCl_4、C_2Cl_4、CHBr3、CH2Cl2的源.     

长江口及其邻近海域沉积物磷的赋存形态和空间分布

采用SMT磷分级法研究长江口及其邻近海域沉积物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征,并探讨了其影响因子.研究结果表明,沉积物中总磷(TP)含量为476.91~980.04μg·g~(-1),有机磷(OP)含量为15.84~139.21μg·g~(-1);而无机磷(IP)为主要赋存形态,其含量为421.67~844.86μg·g~(-1),约占TP 72.9%~96.7%.IP中以钙结合态磷(HCl-P)为主,其含量为186.88~431.69μg·g~(-1),占IP的42.3%~57.79%;而铁/锰结合态磷(Na OH-P)的含量最少,其含量为4.17~52.76μg·g~(-1),仅占IP的2.0%~3.3%.空间分布上,不同形态磷含量具有明显的时空变化特征.夏季TP和IP的含量由咸水端到淡水端呈现出先降低后升高,冬季则先升高后降低的趋势.OP的含量在夏季时无明显分布规律,而在冬季时表现出由咸水端到淡水端降低的趋势.Na OH-P含量在冬夏季均表现为淡水端处较高;HCl-P含量在夏季无明显的变化规律,而冬季时近淡水端处较高.沉积物粒径大小影响磷的赋存形态,表现为夏季粘粒对OP影响较大;冬季粘粒和粉粒与IP存在着负相关性,与OP存在着显著的正相关性.此外,沉积物总有机碳、盐度和碱性磷酸酶活性也是影响磷赋存形态的主要因子.     

Sediment-water distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in Yangtze River Estuary

Analysis of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) distribution in water and sediment in Yangtze River Estuary showed that the estuary was a sink for PFOS. Salinity was an important parameter in controlling the sediment-water interactions and the fate or transport of PFOS in the aquatic environment. As the salinity (S‰) increased from 0.18 to 3.31, the distribution coefficient (K_d) between sediment and water linearly increased from 0.76 to 4.70 L g⁻¹. The study suggests that PFOS may be carried with the river water and transported for long distances before it reaches to the sea and largely scavenged to the sediment in the estuaries due to the dramatic change in salinity.     

Use of multitracers for the study of water mixing in the Paraíba do Sul River estuary

Multitracers were used to study water mixing in the Paraíba do Sul River estuary region in August 2007 (dry season) and March 2008 (rainy season) and to evaluate the reach of the river plume in the direction of the open ocean. Two sampling campaigns were carried out, each in a different season. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that the multitracers used in this study (salinity, Si, Ba and U, as well as the radium isotopes ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra, ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra) presented satisfactory results toward defining the plume reach and determining the residence time and water-mixing processes in the estuary. A strong correlation was observed between tracers and the distance to the coast. During the low river water discharge period, the riverine water took about 10 days to reach open ocean waters (salinity ∼ 35). During the rainy period this value decreased to 6 days. Based on the radium results, it was possible to calculate diffusion coefficients (K_h) of 23 km² d⁻¹ and 38 km² d⁻¹ for ²²⁴Ra and ²²³Ra, respectively, during the dry season (winter). Values of 65 km² d⁻¹ and 68 km² d⁻¹ for ²²³Ra and ²²⁴Ra, respectively, were found for the rainy period (summer).     

长江口邻近海域沉积物中生物硅溶解行为研究

对长江口邻近海域进行调查,分析沉积物中生物硅的空间分布特征,探讨影响生物硅溶解以及保存的因素.结果表明,生物硅含量的平面分布具有近岸高于远海的分布趋势,陆源输入、沉积速率以及水动力条件是影响生物硅在沉积物中埋藏的主要因素.生物硅溶解速率常数随空间以及深度无明显变化规律,间隙水中硅酸盐相对于生物硅溶解度的不饱和程度、有机外壳对生物硅的包裹以及间隙水中Al离子浓度等因素会影响生物硅的溶解进而会影响其在沉积物中的保存和间隙水中硅酸盐浓度的变化.