北京市大气细粒子的来源分析

细粒子(空气动力学直径小于2.5μm的颗粒物)污染是许多城市重要的大气环境问题.从1999年至2000年对北京市细粒子展开了4次采样和化学分析,有效采样天数为40d.利用正定矩阵分解(PMF)方法对细粒子的来源进行了分析.化学成分包括EC(元素碳)、有机物、SO₄^2-、F^-、Cl^-、Fe、Ca、K、Mg、Al、Na、Zn、Mn、Ti、Pb、Ba和P等17种.发现主要来源有6类:地面扬尘、建筑源、生物质燃烧、二次源、机动车排放和燃煤.     

Environmental federalism and environmental liability

Environmental federalism considers what level of government should optimally regulate pollution. This paper addresses this question for accidental pollution, which government regulates through the ex post liability regimes of either negligence or strict liability. We find that decentralizing the choice between these regimes does not, in general, induce the socially optimal outcome. When firms can pay all damages, all regions may choose negligence and impose an overly strict standard of due care. When firms may be bankrupted by damages, all regions may choose strict liability, which induces too little care. In addition, asymmetric equilibria are possible in which some regions choose negligence, others strict liability. Combining negligence with a Pigovian tax, or strict liability with a bonding requirement can align regional authorities' incentives with those of a central government.     

Multi-criteria decision-making considering risk and uncertainty in physical asset management

In this work we present a method for risk-informed decision-making in the physical asset management context whereby risk evaluation and cost-benefit analysis are considered in a common framework. The methodology uses quantitative risk measures to prioritize projects based on a combination of risk tolerance criteria, cost-benefit analysis and uncertainty reduction metrics. There is a need in the risk and asset management literature for a unified framework through which quantitative risk can be evaluated against tolerability criteria and trade-off decisions can be made between risk treatment options. The methodology uses quantitative risk measures for loss of life, loss of production and loss of property. A risk matrix is used to classify risk as intolerable, As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) or broadly tolerable. Risks in the intolerable and ALARP region require risk treatment, and risk treatment options are generated. Risk reduction benefit of the treatment options is quantified, and cost-benefit analysis is performed using discounted cashflow analysis. The Analytic Hierarchy Process is used to derive weights for prioritization criteria based on decision-maker preferences. The weights, along with prioritization criteria for risk reduction, tolerance criteria and project cost, are used to prioritize projects using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution. The usefulness of the methodology for improved decision-making is illustrated using a numerical example.     

建筑安全风险因素分级排序的风险矩阵法

为减少风险分级排序时产生的风险结,在引入施工安全事故频率的基础上,采用单元格细化和Borda序值法改进原有的风险矩阵法。改进后的方法使得风险等级数量增加,风险结数量减少。将该方法应用于脚手架工程的风险因素的分级与排序,风险等级分为6级,且实现了12个因素的明确排序。     

改良型AO法组合工艺中有机物的三维荧光分析

采用三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对上海竹园第二污水处理厂改良型AO法组合工艺运行过程中的各种溶解性有机物(DOM)进行分析,并对比研究传统好氧活性污泥法曝气池出水和A/O脱氮工艺硝化池出水DOM的EEM光谱的迁移变化特性.结果表明,各种DOM中主要的荧光物质有类蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)及类腐殖质(荧光峰C),经改良型AO法组合工艺处理后,荧光峰的强度降低了14％～60％,同时类蛋白质和腐殖质的结构也发生了变化;腐殖酸溯源表明DOM中的腐殖酸以微生物代谢产生的带有荧光基团的腐殖酸类为主.     

舟山渔场有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的三维荧光-平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)-平行因子分析(PARAFAC)技术研究春季舟山渔场有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的荧光成分组成、分布特征及来源.PARAFAC模型解析出舟山渔场CDOM由2类5个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质成分C1(330/420 nm)、C2[(290)365/440 nm]、C3[(260)370/490 nm]及类蛋白质成分C4(285/340 nm)、C5(270/310 nm).5种荧光组分的平面分布模式基本一致,在各层均呈现由近岸海域向远岸海域逐渐减小的趋势,但各层又略有差别.表层高值区出现在杭州湾口外北部海域、虾峙门航道口外海域,且杭州湾口外北部海域的荧光值要高于虾峙门航道口外海域;中层高值出现区域与表层相同,但杭州湾口外北部海域的荧光值要低于虾峙门航道口外海域;底层从近岸向远岸梯度减小,高值区出现在舟山本岛附近海域.各荧光组分的分布与盐度之间存在明显负相关关系,与叶绿素a的线性关系不明显.分析表明,春季舟山渔场CDOM表、中层主要受长江输入和舟山工农业等人为活动排放影响,而底层主要受舟山工农业等人为活动排放影响.从垂直分布模式上,CDOM在30°N断面上由中、表层水体向底层呈现逐渐减小的趋势,并在近岸和远岸海域都出现了高值区,且与盐度低值区、叶绿素a高值区相对应,反映该断面近岸区CDOM主要受长江输入影响,远岸区CDOM主要受生物活动影响;在30°N断面,CDOM分布模式与30.5°N断面基本类似,只是在近岸区域底层出现CDOM高值区,可能是由于潮汐、底层上升流等物理外力作用下,沉积物间隙水中高浓度的CDOM释放出来,使得靠近沉积物界面的底层水体中CDOM浓度升高.5种荧光组分中,C1、C3、C4之间相关性较强,与C2、C5相关性相对较弱,说明C1、C3、C4在来源上具有相似性与C2、C5有一定的差异性.春季舟山渔场CDOM腐殖化指数(HIX)的值较小,反映了春季舟山渔场CDOM的腐殖化程度较低,稳定性较差,在环境中存在时间较短;生物指数(BIX)在舟山外海出现高值区,近岸海域出现低值区,反映出在近岸海域人类活动的影响较大,而在外海生物活动的影响较为明显.     

基于PMF模式的南京市大气细颗粒物源解析

为研究南京市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染来源,分别在3个点位、4个季节开展了PM2.5环境样品的采集,共获得170个有效样本.对样本进行了化学成分分析,包括Al、Fe、Na、Mg、K、Ba、Li、Tl、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sb、Pb、Cr、Ce、Na+、NH4+、Mg2+、Ca2+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-、以及OC、EC,共计26种.首先采用OC/EC最小比值法估算出二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的含量;然后利用正矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对PM2.5的非SOA部分进行来源解析,共解析出6类因子:二次无机气溶胶(SIA)、燃煤、机动车排放、地面扬尘、冶金和其它源,贡献率分别25.0%、23.5%、20.4%、17.1%、3.0%和11.0%;最后基于南京市SO2、NOx、VOCs三种主要前体污染物的排放量,分别对SIA和SOA在一次来源中进行再分配.最终结果表明,南京市PM2.5主要来源为燃煤、机动车、扬尘、工业和其它源,其贡献率分别为29.6%、22.4%、14.6%、18.7%和14.7%.     

郑州市春季大气污染过程VOCs特征、臭氧生成潜势及源解析

利用GC5000在线气相色谱仪于2018年4月15日～5月15日对郑州市城区环境大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行监测,开展其污染特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和来源解析研究.结果表明,监测期间,郑州市春季VOCs平均体积分数为40.26×10^-9,非污染日和污染日VOCs平均体积分数分别为35.82×10^-9和44.12×10^-9,污染日相较非污染日增长23%;VOCs物种对OFP的贡献表现为烯烃>芳香烃>烷烃>炔烃;源解析结果显示监测期间郑州市VOCs主要来源是LPG源(66.05%)、机动车源(47.39%)、工业溶剂源(37.51%)、燃烧源(37.80%)和植物排放源(11.25%),且污染日的LPG源和植物排放源的贡献率较非污染日增长22.92%和68.50%.     

Fundamental Moral Attitudes to Animals and Their Role in Judgment: An Empirical Model to Describe Fundamental Moral Attitudes to Animals and Their Role in Judgment on the Culling of Healthy Animals During an Animal Disease Epidemic

In this paper, we present and defend the theoretical framework of an empirical model to describe people’s fundamental moral attitudes (FMAs) to animals, the stratification of FMAs in society and the role of FMAs in judgment on the culling of healthy animals in an animal disease epidemic. We used philosophical animal ethics theories to understand the moral basis of FMA convictions. Moreover, these theories provide us with a moral language for communication between animal ethics, FMAs, and public debates. We defend that FMA is a two-layered concept. The first layer consists of deeply felt convictions about animals. The second layer consists of convictions derived from the first layer to serve as arguments in a debate on animal issues. In a debate, the latter convictions are variable, depending on the animal issue in a specific context, time, and place. This variability facilitates finding common ground in an animal issue between actors with opposing convictions.     

库布齐沙漠典型地区景观变化研究

Spatial pattern analysis is the core component in landscape ecology research. We analyzed the landscape pattern and dynamic process of the Kubuqi Desert by using a typical region as a study area. This study area includes four towns: ShuLinZhao, WangAiZhao, BaiNiJing and JiGeSiTai. The area of cropland, fixed sand dune, woodland, residential area and wetland increased and centralized gradually, while the area of semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and washland decreased and dispersed gradually from 1987 to 2003. On the landscape level, the patch shape tended to be regular, and the landscape pattern tended to be simple, causing the fragmentation degree, heterogeneity and diversity of the landscape to decrease. Fixed sand dune, Semi-fixed sand dune, drifting sand dune, meadow and river flood plains were the five main export classes, and residential area, cropland and wetland were the three main import classes. The classes that had a relatively large total area and large average patch area had a smaller extent of gravity center migration, whereas the classes with small total area and small average patch area had a larger extent of gravity center migration; this is because the small patches are easily influenced by human activities or natural factors. In addition, the desertification area and desertification degree reduced gradually in the study area during the period from 1987 to 2003.