石墨炉升温程序的灰化技术

本文以测定铅为例,研究了石墨炉升温程序的灰化技术,包括基体干扰的消除,基体改进剂和Ｌ’ｖｏｖ平台的应用。     

Evaluation of the impact of matrix effects in LC/MS measurement on the accurate quantification of neonicotinoid pesticides in food by isotope-dilution mass spectrometry

The use of isotope-labeled internal standards is the most widely accepted approach to overcome the matrix effects on quantification of pesticides in food by LC/MS. We evaluated the impact of the matrix effects on quantification of six neonicotinoid pesticides, acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam, in food by using deuterated internal standards. The calibration curves for each pesticide were obtained by using matrix-free and matrix-matched calibration solutions with blank brown rice, carrot, and green onion extracts. For brown rice and carrot, the matrix effects were not observed. In contrast, the slopes of calibration curves for each pesticide were influenced by presence of green onion extracts in calibration solutions (variability of the slopes was 4–9%), because the ratios of peak area for native pesticide to those for internal standards were influenced by matrix. The spike-and-recovery test with green onion was also performed. The analytical values obtained by using matrix-free calibration solution were biased from the spiked concentration, whereas those obtained by using matrix-matched calibration solution were comparable to the spiked concentration. These results indicate that matrix-matched calibration solution should be used for accurate quantification of neonicotinoid pesticides in food by LC/MS using deuterated internal standards.     

阳朔典型铅锌矿区流域土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

以广西阳朔县典型铅锌矿为研究对象,对其流域内水系表层土壤中10种金属元素（Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Hg和Pb）含量进行分析测定.综合运用Pearson相关性分析、主成分分析（PCA）和正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）等多种方法,识别和定量解析污染源及贡献.在168个表层土壤样本分析数据中,土壤中Zn、Cd、Hg和Pb的含量平均值高于国家土壤环境质量标准,Sb、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的含量平均值分别比当地背景值高出约1.01、5.50、3.29、9.11和10.67倍,表明重金属在表层土壤中已经富集.土壤重金属地累积指数（I_geo）结果显示,研究区污染最严重的是Hg,其次为Pb、Zn和Mn.相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明,区内表层土壤中金属污染来源较为复杂,且明显受到人为活动的影响.Cu、Zn、Cd、Sb、As和Pb主要来源于采矿活动;Hg、Cr和Ni由土壤母质控制;Mn和Cd主要来源于工矿与农业活动.PMF模型分析结果表明,表层土壤中金属来源分为3种,工矿活动源、自然源和工矿及农业活动复合源的综合贡献率分别为58.0%、13.5%和28.6%.Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Sb、Hg和Pb以工矿活动源为主,贡献率分别为46.9%、89.6%、45.5%、67.8%、99.3%、58.3%和96.8%;母岩矿物风化和降雨冲刷等自然源对Cr的相对贡献率达到44.6%,对Ni和Hg也分别有23.2%和21.0%的相对贡献率;工矿及农业活动的复合源对Mn和Cd的相对贡献率分别达到75.4%和70.4%.     

SVD在串联故障电弧检测及选相中的应用*

煤矿井下发生串联故障电弧易引发火灾等安全事故,为了预防电气火灾、指导线路维修,利用三相电动机及变频器负载开展不同线路、不同电流条件下的串联故障电弧实验,研究三相串联故障电弧的检测及选相方法。首先,对单相电流进行一阶差分处理后,建立改进的吸引子轨迹矩阵作为故障特征矩阵;其次,对故障特征矩阵进行奇异值分解,采用特征矩阵的奇异值构建串联故障电弧检测及选相的特征向量;最后,利用极限学习机建立故障电弧检测及选相模型,并测试检测及选相准确率。研究结果表明:提出的SVD方法可以利用单相电流实现三相电动机及变频器负载回路中的串联故障电弧检测及选相。     

基于风险矩阵的水电站项目风险分级评估方法研究——以乌东德水电站为例

为了解决千万千瓦级巨型水电站项目建设过程的风险分析问题,以我国目前在建的千万千瓦级水电站重要项目—乌东德水电站为例,对水电站项目存在的隐患进行排查和梳理,找出影响安全施工的危险源,并采用风险矩阵法对其进行风险评估,将存在的风险按照其造成的影响后果不同分成可忽略（Ⅰ级）、可接受（Ⅱ级）、有条件可接受（Ⅲ级）和不可接受（Ⅳ）4个等级。研究结果不仅可用于查找、分析整个水电站项目建设过程中存在的重大风险,对风险进行有效、科学、简捷地评估,还可将各个风险点进行明确划分,对同类千万千瓦级巨型水电站的风险分析和安全管理工作具有参考和借鉴作用。     

基质固相分散-快速溶剂萃取-GC/MS法同时测定土壤中有机氯农药和多环芳烃

建立了基质固相分散-ASE提取-GC/MS法同时测定土壤中8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的方法。对方法的线性、检出限、精密度、回收率及土壤质控样品进行了分析,结果表明,8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃线性良好,相关系数为0.997 5～0.999 8,方法检出限为0.39～1.57μg/kg,空白加标样品的相对标准偏差小于20%,实际土壤样品加标回收率为60.6%～125%,土壤质控样品结果均在范围内。该方法能够满足土壤中8种有机氯农药和16种多环芳烃的检测要求。     

辽宁省干线公路网络通达性研究

以辽宁省干线公路网络和14个地市、21个主要县市为研究对象,以最短距离原则为基础,选取距离、时间和通达性系数来衡量城市通达性水平的高低;以行车速度为指标,得到不同速度下通达性水平的空间格局;在100km/h的行车速度下,计算一个城市在1h、2h、3h、5h内连接的城市数目,并对通达性水平的特点和空间格局进行分析。结果显示,35个城市的通达性水平呈现出＂同心圈＂结构,＂核心—外围＂模式明显。以沈阳和鞍山为核心,由核心向外围通达性水平逐步降低,且随着行车速度的提高,通达性水平呈现出明显的上升趋势。由于通达水平的提高,在未来的几年里辽宁省将逐渐形成5个交通圈,同时实现＂一个工作日,全省通达＂的目标。     

Uncovering causes and effects of desertification using a Leopold matrix in Binh Thuan Province,Vietnam

Vietnam is a coastal country projected to be heavily affected by climate change.Binh Thuan Province is part of the driest region of Vietnam and is prone to desertification.An expert panel participated in developing a Leopold matrix which allowed for identification of desertification impact factors on the province's socioeconomic activities and assessment of the strength of cause-effect relationships in terms of magnitude and importance.Land use planning,surface water,and the length of the dry season are considered the most important causes,with the overall highest scores for both magnitude and importance in the cause-effect relationship.The largest effects of the different factors are perceived on water supply for agriculture and household use.Water availability and land use planning are important remedial action domains,while drought and land cover require monitoring to assess impacts.The indicators of cause and effect can be used in a longer-term general monitoring and assessment framework to combat desertification in the area.     

Diagnosis of dissolved organic matter removal by GAC treatment in biologically treated papermill effluents using advanced organic characterisation techniques

Granular activated carbon (GAC) exhaustion rates on pulp and paper effluent from South East Australia were found to be a factor of three higher (3.62 cf. 1.47 kg m⁻³) on Kraft mills compared to mills using Thermomechanical pulping supplemented by Recycled Fibre (TMP/RCF). Biological waste treatment at both mills resulted in a final effluent COD of 240 mg L⁻¹. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was only 1.2 times higher in the Kraft effluent (70 vs. 58 mg L⁻¹), however, GAC treatment of Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent was largely different on the DOC persisted after biological treatment. The molecular mass (636 vs. 534 g mol⁻¹) and aromaticity (5.35 vs. 4.67 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹) of humic substances (HS) were slightly higher in the Kraft effluent. The HS aromaticity was decreased by a factor of 1.0 L mg⁻¹ m⁻¹ in both Kraft and TMP/RCF effluent. The molecular mass of the Kraft effluent increased by 50 g mol⁻¹ while the molecular mass of the TMP/RCF effluent was essentially unchanged after GAC treatment; the DOC removal efficiency of the GAC on Kraft effluent was biased towards the low molecular weight humic compounds. The rapid adsorption of this fraction, coupled with the slightly higher aromaticity of the humic components resulted in early breakthrough on the Kraft effluent. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix analysis of the each GAC treated effluent indicated that the refractory components were higher molecular weight humics on the Kraft effluent and protein-like compounds on the TMP/RCF effluent. Although the GAC exhaustion rates are too high for an effective DOC removal option for biologically treated pulp and paper mill effluents, the study indicates that advanced organic characterisation techniques can be used to diagnose GAC performance on complex effluents with comparable bulk DOC and COD loads.     

中国环保行政体制结构初探

环保行政体制结构是环保行政组织系统的基本框架,是实现环保行政管理职能的组织方式。我国长期以来的环保行政体制改革较为关注机构地位提升与管理职能强化,环保行政体制的结构较少得到关注。对环保行政体制结构的分析揭示了在机构地位提升与管理职能得到强化的前提下我国环保行政管理依然面临执法监督难、部门协调难等问难题的深层体制原因。本文首先根据组织行为学的基本原理,提出我国环保行政体制的矩阵结构模式,这一矩阵结构在纵向上存在双权威系统,横向上协调关系较为薄弱,从而造成环保监管权威弱化。其次,基于对我国地方环保行政体制改革效果的调查,指出我国环保行政体制结构出的了若干变化。最后,结合我国"十二五"时期落实国家环保意志的基本要求,提出改善我国环保行政体制结构的若干政策建议,即在基层改善体制结构中的双权威系统,并以流域水环境管理体制创新为大部门体制改革突破点,探索环境管理职能组织方式的优化途径。