北京市PM10自动监测网络优化研究

以北京市26个PM10监测站点2007-07-01～2008-06-30的监测数据为基础,应用正矩阵因子分析法将这些监测站点划分区域,使得每个区域具有独特的季节变化特征,并依据各类区域的去除偏差识别冗余信息站点,优化监测网络.结果表明,北京市PM10监测网络包括10个具有独特季节变化特征的区域.通州、延庆、密云水库、房山良乡和平谷世纪广场为5个独立区域;丰台花园、丰台云岗、门头沟滨湖广场、海淀北部新区和石景山古城5个西部站点为一个区域;东城东四、东城天坛、西城官园、西城万寿西宫、朝阳奥体中心、朝阳农展馆和顺义站点构成一个区域;南部站点大兴亦庄开发区、大兴黄村和大兴榆垡为一个区域;密云奥林匹克广场和怀柔站点为一个区域;西北部站点海淀香山、昌平定陵、海淀万柳和昌平镇站归为一个区域.每个区域PM10在2007～2008年具有独特的季节变化特征,PM10浓度由北向南逐渐升高.根据去除标准,设置2种PM10监测网络优化方案.方案1以监测网络不确定度为去除标准,12～18个站点即可完全代表26个站点的监测信息;方案2以2倍不确定度为去除标准,各典型月份需要保留的站点数目为10～13个.     

土壤介质对地下渗滤系统去除污染物的影响

通过对比不同土壤介质对地下渗滤系统去除污染物的影响,结果表明,粘土易造成土壤堵塞,不适于地下渗滤系统,可通过掺砂和有机物加以调整;砂土具有较高的通气透水性,对有机物、氨氮去除有利但对总氮和总磷去除不利,可通过分层布置(如上砂下壤)加以调整;壤土去除污染物性能最佳,最适宜于地下渗滤系统。     

Reducing non-contact electric arc injuries: an investigation of behavioral and organizational issues

PROBLEM: It is estimated that 5 to 10 arc flash explosions occur in electric equipment every day in the United States. In the mining industry the largest single injury category of electrical injuries are caused by non-contact electrical arcs. METHOD: This investigation progressed in two phases: (a) 836 Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) reports of electric arcing incidents that occurred over a period of 11 years were reviewed, and (b) personal interviews were conducted with 32 individuals. A theoretical Safe Job Performance Model guided the study. RESULTS: Behavioral dimensions were identified and included the effect of worker experience, judgment and decision-making ability, behavioral and organizational controls, and safety culture. SUMMARY: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted an investigation of behavioral components associated with arc flash incidents and developed recommendations for interventions based on findings. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: This study fills a vacuum in electrical training with a focus on the organizational and behavioral aspects of arc flash incidents. The research is cross-cutting in its scope, in that the results apply not only to mining and construction, but many other industries employing electricians. Although the majority of mine electrical injuries are the results of burns from electrical arcs, few miners are aware that such a hazard exists. A safety training program, which includes a video and an instructor's discussion guide, was developed for electricians based on this study's findings. "Arc Flash Awareness" was released in 2007 (DHHS NIOSH Publication No.2007-116D) and is available through 1-800 CDC INFO. Phone: 1-800 232-4636 or email cdcinfo@cdc.gov. It is also available from MSHA at MSHADistribution@dol.gov or 304-256-3257 (DVD-576). Private industry is producing Portuguese and Spanish language translations.     

青岛大气总悬浮颗粒物中微量元素的含量特征及其来源解析

利用2012年12月在青岛连续采集的31个总悬浮颗粒物样品(TSP),分析了其中13种微量元素的浓度,讨论了微量元素的浓度特征,并运用正矩阵因子分析法(PMF)定量解析了气溶胶中元素的来源.结果表明,青岛气溶胶中微量元素的总浓度为(7.37±4.19)μg·m-3,以Al和Fe的浓度最高,对总浓度的贡献约为92%,其次为Zn和Pb,分别贡献了3.7%和1.6%,Mn、Ba、Cu、Sr、As、V、Cd、Co和Cs的浓度依次降低,其贡献均低于1%.依据富集因子这些微量元素可以分为3类,Al、Fe、Mn、Co、V、Sr和Ba主要来自地壳源的贡献,Cs和Cu受地壳源和人为源的共同影响,Zn、As、Pb和Cd则主要受人为源的影响.雾霾天时主要来自人为源的元素相比地壳源的元素更多的在大气中累积,雨雪天时降雨/雪对地壳元素的湿清除作用明显高于人为源的元素.12月青岛气溶胶中Fe和Mn主要来自土壤源的贡献,其次为生物质燃烧和机动车一次排放源;Co主要来自土壤源、生物质燃烧和燃煤源的贡献;Zn主要来自机动车一次排放源、土壤源和生物质燃烧源的贡献;Cu则主要来自冶金工业源的贡献;As主要来自燃煤源的贡献;Pb和Cd主要来自机动车一次排放源和冶金工业源的贡献.     

基于灰色模型的大气环境质量分析与评价

利用灰色模型对西安市大气环境质量进行了综合评价,并在已有研究方法的基础上,对综合关联度进行改进,从而提出了改善城市空气质量的建议。     

合成腐殖酸氧化还原能力与光学性质探究

本文以合成商业腐殖酸Aldrich humic acids(AHA)与国药化学试剂腐殖酸(TJHA)为研究对象,与铁氰化钾反应测定不同浓度AHA与TJHA还原前后氧化还原能力.研究发现,原态和还原态的HA均能向铁氰化钾传递电子,还原后两种HA的氧化还原能力均大于其原态的氧化还原能力.原态和还原态TJHA的单位碳电子转移数(原态1.49 meq·g C-1;还原态20.95 meq·g C-1)均大于AHA(原态0.52 meq·g C-1;还原态1.75 meq·g C-1).同时随着HA浓度的增加,两种HA的原态与还原态单位碳电子转移数均逐渐降低(AHA:0.91—0.52 meq·g C-1;TJHA:13.57—1.49 meq·g C-1),而AHA单位体积电子转移数目逐渐增大(0.002—0.072 meq·L-1),TJHA单位体积电子转移能力无明显变化.这是由于在HA与铁氰化钾电子转移体系中,氧化还原能力的高低与腐殖酸中氧化还原官能团数量和分布有关,与HA粒径大小,分子质量也有关系.进一步通过E465,E4/E6值表明两种HA E465值与浓度呈明显正线性关系,E4/E6值与浓度呈对数增加趋势.三维荧光分析发现,HA还原后,激发/发射(Ex/Em)峰出现蓝移,相对荧光强度降低,说明HA还原的过程中有π—π*的断裂.进一步对HA荧光测定发现TJHA中具有更多数量的氧化还原官能团而AHA中氧化还原官能团种类相对丰富.     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic (ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 kDa were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than 300 kDa increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment (5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment (20.7%) under the same conditions applied.     

基于森林碳汇经济价值中国宏观社会核算矩阵扩展

随着气候变化及温室效应等问题的广泛影响,森林的碳汇功能越来越受到人们的关注。社会核算矩阵作为可计算一般均衡模型的标准数据基础,为详细描述经济系统中各部门、各经济主体以及各市场之间的联系提供了一个理想的数据支持。本文在编制我国宏观2007年社会核算矩阵的基础上,将森林碳汇的经济价值纳入到其中,对我国宏观社会核算矩阵进行扩展,扩展后的社会核算矩阵可用于森林碳汇的经济效益分析以及为建立森林碳汇的CGE模型提供数据基础。     

AHP法在城市生态系统质量评价中的应用

AHP法是规划决策管理的有效工具,本文通过在城市生态系统质量评价中AHP法的应用着重阐述了城市生态系统的层次结构分析和在多级递阶结构的基础上,经过判断矩阵的建立和运算,为城市生态系统质量评价中权重确定的科学化提供了定量的依据。