铁路专用线危险货物运输安全指标属性约简研究

为了对铁路专用线危险货物运输安全性进行科学合理的评价,系统分析了铁路专用线危险货物运输特征及影响因素,从“人、机、路、管”角度出发,构建了涵盖资质管理、安全设备设施、运输设备设施、安全管理4个层面的铁路专用线危险货物运输安全评价体系。针对指标间存在的冗余性问题,采用基于改进区分矩阵的粗糙集属性约简算法对评价体系进行精简,并以成都铁路局某条危险货物专用线进行实例研究。结果表明:托运人资质、安全监控系统等10项指标为属性约简后的重要风险因素。     

辽河水体中溶解有机质的光谱初步研究

文章分析了辽河流域水体中溶解有机质的吸收光谱,荧光特性及其主要来源。对比紫外可见吸收和散射2种模型,结果表明DOM对紫外可见光既有吸收也有散射。运用平行因子分析法(parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC),对三维荧光激发-发射矩阵(EEM)进行分析,发现3种荧光团,包括1种类蛋白荧光团和2种类腐殖质荧光团。荧光指数(FIX)为1.60～2.10,初步认为此时段辽河流域DOM的来源为多重来源,生物源比重较大。大多数SUVA_(254)在1.22～2.82L/(mg·m)之间,同文献报导的来自于土壤或者高等植物的DOM相比,值相对较小,DOM的芳构化程度较低,进一步表明DOM来源以生物源为主。     

基于EEMs与UV-vis分析苏州汛期景观河道中DOM光谱特性与来源

为探究汛期连续强降雨对苏州景观河道中溶解性有机物的影响,应用三维荧光光谱（EEMs）结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）和紫外-可见吸收光谱（UV-vis）技术,分析了汛期不同时期苏州景观河道中溶解性有机物的光谱特性和来源.结果表明,整个汛期时期水体中共有4种溶解性有机物（DOM）荧光组分,包括2种类腐殖质组分（C1和C4）和2种类蛋白质组分（C2和C3）,相关性分析表明荧光组分C2、C3和C4之间存在显著相关性.汛期初期时受初期雨水影响,河道中DOM的总荧光强度较强,而在汛期中期和后期,DOM的荧光强度显著降低.荧光特征参数表明,在汛期初期时DOM的内源性特征显著,到中期时陆源性显著,到后期又以内源占主导.整个汛期SUVA₂₅₄、SUVA₂₆₀和E2/E3都呈现相同趋势,先降低而后升高.受汛期连续强降雨的影响,河道中氮磷营养盐含量增加,但在汛期较强的水动力条件下,藻类并未大量增殖,直到汛期结束后藻类开始大量增殖.荧光组分C2、C3和C4与特征参数（FI、HIX、BIX和β：α）有显著相关性（P<0.01）,所有荧光组分与DOC均有显著相关性（P<0.05）,荧光组分C1与叶绿素a （Chla）有显著相关性.主成分（PCA）分析表明汛期不同时期河道中DOM组分差异显著,汛期连续强降雨对水体中C2、C3和C4组分含量影响显著.     

岗南水库沉积物溶解性有机物光谱时空分布特征及环境意义

为探究岗南水库沉积物溶解性有机物(DOM)的时空演变机制,本文使用紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)和三维荧光光谱-区域积分法(EEM-FRI),分析了岗南水库沉积物DOM的来源及分布特征.结果 表明:岗南水库夏季沉积物DOM的相对浓度显著高于春季、秋季以及冬季(P＜0.05);E2/E3值显示岗南水库沉积物DOM分子量为...     

儿茶酚抑制藻细胞活性过程中IOM的三维荧光特性

以天然水体中藻类为研究对象,研究了儿茶酚对藻类的抑制效应,并采用三维荧光法分析了抑藻过程中胞内有机物的释放及降解情况。水样A和水样B分别采自某护城河和一景观水体。结果显示,儿茶酚能够有效抑制实际水体中藻细胞活性,当儿茶酚终浓度为10 mg/L培养6 d后,水样A和水样B的抑藻率分别达90%和94%,且抑藻率随着投加浓度的增加、培养时间的延长相应增加。在投加儿茶酚后,水样类蛋白荧光峰强度显著增加,但随着培养时间的延长,峰强均有所降低,细胞释放的类蛋白物质发生降解。当投加儿茶酚浓度低于1 mg/L时,藻细胞活性受轻度抑制,会释放类富里酸物质,当儿茶酚投加浓度高于5 mg/L,藻细胞活性受到强烈抑制,不会释放类富里酸物质。投加儿茶酚会增大水样COD浓度,但对水样TN浓度没有影响。     

不同混合基体改进剂在涂钼石墨管测定细颗粒物中锡的应用研究

细颗粒物(PM2.5)是目前环境相关研究的焦点对象之一,但如何客观有效的分析检测细颗粒物的金属组分,却缺乏相关国家标准规范支撑,对应研究亦鲜见报道.利用美国PE公司AAnalyst600型石墨炉原子吸收仪进行实验,研究几种不同混合基体改进剂在涂钼石墨管石墨炉原子吸收法测定细颗粒物(PM2.5)中锡的影响,发现利用硝酸钯-钼酸铵混合溶液为基体改进剂测定锡,方法的相对标准偏差为1.8%~4.5%,空白回收率为95.4%~97.8%,实际样品回收率为87.3%~98.5%.能够满足国家实验室分析质控要求.适用于细颗粒物中微量锡的测定.     

菏泽市PM2.5源方向解析研究

为了定量解析环境受体中不同方向PM_2.5的源贡献水平,利用“源方向解析”（source directional apportionment,SDA）法〔综合PMF（positive matrix factorization,正定矩阵因子）方法和后向轨迹模型〕对京津冀大气污染传输通道上某典型城市——菏泽市环境受体中PM_2.5进行来源解析,并分析不同方向的源贡献.结果表明,菏泽市环境受体中ρ（PM_2.5）变化范围为42.73~191.72 μg/m3,平均值为92.54 μg/m3.SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+是菏泽市环境受体中PM_2.5的主要化学组分;ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）和ρ（NH₄+）的平均值分别为29.78、22.11和7.91 μg/m3,三者之和占ρ（PM_2.5）的63.54%.PMF的计算结果显示,二次无机盐、机动车排放、扬尘、煤烟尘和建筑水泥尘是菏泽市环境受体中PM_2.5的贡献源类,分担率分别为32.61%、22.60%、19.54%、16.25%和9.00%.利用后向轨迹模型识别出PM_2.5贡献源类的4个潜在方向,分别为东南、正西、西北和正东.二次无机盐在4个方向的贡献分别为8.49%、5.01%、6.65%和12.88%;机动车排放分别为1.39%、4.44%、7.47%和8.22%;扬尘分别为4.95%、3.65%、4.12%和6.92%;煤烟尘分别为4.56%、1.93%、2.16%和7.28%;建筑水泥尘分别为2.22%、1.88%、1.27%和3.56%.研究显示,菏泽市PM_2.5污染较为严重,其中二次源、机动车和扬尘源是其主要贡献源类,并且来自菏泽市东部的各源类贡献均较高.      

AHP法在城市生态系统质量评价中的应用

AHP法是规划决策管理的有效工具,本文通过在城市生态系统质量评价中AHP法的应用着重阐述了城市生态系统的层次结构分析和在多级递阶结构的基础上,经过判断矩阵的建立和运算,为城市生态系统质量评价中权重确定的科学化提供了定量的依据。      

Seasonal variability in CDOM absorption and fluorescence properties in the Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA

Absorption and fluorescence properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter(CDOM) along a 124 km transect in the Barataria Basin,a large estuary located in Louisiana,USA,were investigated during high and low flow periods of the Mississippi River in the spring and winter of 2008-2009. Mean CDOM absorption at 355 nm from the marine to the freshwater end member stations ranged from(3.25 ± 0.56) to(20.76 ± 2.43) m-1 for the three month high flow period whereas it varied from(1.48 ± 1.08) to(25.45 ± 7.03) m-1 for the same stations during low flow period. Corresponding salinity values at these stations indicated the influence of river and shelf exchanges in the lower basin and precipitation and runofl in the upper basin. An inverse relationship of CDOM absorbance and fluorescence with salinity observed in the basin could be a useful indicator of salinity. CDOM fluorescence also varied over a large range showing an approximately 8 to 12-fold increase between the marine and freshwater end members for the two flow seasons. Excitation-emission matrix spectral plots indicated the presence of various fluorescence components with highest being the A-peak,lowest the T-peak,and the C and M-peaks showing similar trends along the transect. During low flow season the A/C ratio were well correlated with station locations indicating increased terrestrial influence towards the upper basin. CDOM absorption and fluorescence at 355 nm were highly correlated and independent of CDOM sources suggesting that fluorescence could be used to characterize CDOM in the basin.     

Insights on the solubilization products after combined alkaline and ultrasonic pre-treatment of sewage sludge

This work provides insights on the solubilization products after a simultaneous combination of alkaline and ultrasonic (ALK + ULS) pre-treatment of sewage sludge. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) increased from 1200 to 11,000 mg/L after such treatment. Organics with molecular weight around 5.6 kDa were solubilized because of the synergistic effect of ultrasound and alkali. Organics with molecular weight larger than 300 kDa increased from 7.8% to 60%, 16% and 42.3% after ULS, ALK and ALK + ULS treatment, respectively. Excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy analysis identified soluble microbial product-like and humic acid-like matters as the main solubilization products. Sludge anaerobic biodegradability was significantly enhanced with the simultaneous application of ALK + ULS pre-treatment. ALK + ULS pre-treatment resulted in 37.8% biodegradability increase compared to the untreated sludge. This value was higher compared to the biodegradability increase induced by individual ALK pre-treatment (5.7%) or individual ULS pre-treatment (20.7%) under the same conditions applied.