Risk assessment: an approach to control hazards in mines

Accidents and injuries related to work are major occupational health problems in most of the industrialized countries.Traditional approaches to manage workplace safety in mines have mainly focused on job redesign and technical aspects of engineering systems.It is being realized that compliance to rules and regulations of mines is a prerequisite;however,it is not sufficient to achieve further reduction in accident and injury rates in mines.Proactive approaches are necessary to further improve the safety standards in mines.Unsafe conditions and practices in mines lead to a number of accidents,which in turn may cause loss and injury to human lives,damages to property,and loss of production.Hazard identification and risk assessment is an important task for the mining industry which needs to consider all the risk factors at workplaces.Applications of risk management approaches in mines are necessary to identify and quantify potential hazards and to suggest effective solutions.In this paper,the following risk estimation techniques were discussed:(i)DGMS(Directorate General of Mines Safety,India)risk rating criterion,and(ii)a matrix based approach.The proposed tools were demonstrated through an application in an opencast coal mine in India.It was inferred that the risk assessment approach can be used as an effective tool to indentify and control hazards in mines.     

New methodologies for security risk assessment of oil and gas industry

The oil and gas industry forms a vital and large part of the economy of any country. It provides crucial support to transport, manufacturing and energy sectors, produces valuable exports and provides huge employment. This industry along with fertilizer plants, petrochemical plants, etc., which handle hazardous chemicals, are potential targets for deliberate actions by terrorists, criminals and disgruntled employees. The process industries face different levels of threats. It is imperative to analyze the entire threat scenario before taking steps to counter it, otherwise each and every threat will have to be treated as most severe, thus resulting in a huge and wasteful expenditure.The Security Risk Factor Table (SRFT) and a Stepped Matrix Procedure (SMP) have been developed to assess the security risk of oil and gas industry as well as the other chemical process industries. While the SRFT deals with the effects of individual threats, the SMP deals with the cascading/domino effects which a lone, low probability event can cause. A case study of a refinery has been performed to show the application of the ideas presented.     

基于区域特征分区的福建省砖混房屋易损性研究

以福建省砖混房屋为研究对象,研究了福建省房屋的区域特点,并定性的对其进行了建筑区域特征分区。然后,结合具有普适性特点的汶川地震区砖混房屋的易损性矩阵的处理结果,探讨了福建省砖混房屋具有区域特征分区特点的易损性分析方法,给出了福建省各地区砖混房屋的易损性矩阵。此方法的提出,对于福建省各个不同地区的城市防灾减灾规划、建筑物的抗震加固改造及有效减轻地震经济损失和人员伤亡等都有重要意义。     

大气中部分新污染物浓度特征、来源解析及健康风险评估

基于电迁移率颗粒物粒径数分布仪（SMPS）、气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）、X-荧光（XRF）方法,于2022—2023年在南京市开展了部分大气新污染物的在线监测,并利用美国国家环境保护局（US EPA）健康风险评价模型评估其健康风险,进一步结合正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型对污染物及其健康风险进行来源解析。结果表明,南京市大气中新污染物浓度与其他地区报道的可比,且在遭遇污染过程时显著升高,锰元素的升幅最大（116.3%）。各类新污染物的健康风险均在安全阈值之内。PMF共分解出大气新污染物的5类来源,其中,超细颗粒物（UFPs）主要来自交通源（49%）、光化学（23%）和工业源（28%）;重金属主要来自工业源（74%）,而挥发性有机物（VOCs）则由工业源（52%）、交通源（25%）和燃烧源（13%）贡献。南京市大气新污染物的非致癌风险由工业源主导,而致癌风险则分别来自交通源、轮船源和工业源。     

胶州湾赤潮暴发水体中溶解有机物质荧光特征

利用荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱(Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy,EEMS)技术研究了胶州湾2004-02赤潮暴发期间水体中溶解有机物类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光特性,探讨了各种荧光性质与浮游植物增殖、溶解有机碳、盐度、溶解氧和pH的关系,并对切向超滤前后类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光的变化进行了初步评估.结果表明,赤潮过程中溶解有机物类蛋白荧光较强而类腐殖质荧光较弱,并且高和低激发波长类蛋白荧光同源;类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光强度与叶绿素a的对应关系与浮游植物的增殖阶段有关,但整体趋势上却是随着浮游植物量的增大而增强,并且浮游植物量越大,新生成的有机物质占的比例也越大;类蛋白荧光以及类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光强度之比与溶解有机碳具有较好的正相关性,表明赤潮过程中溶解有机物主要由新生成的物质组成;盐度、溶解氧和pH对类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光的影响很小;切向超滤前后类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光峰的位置基本一致,切向超滤前后荧光平衡差于溶解有机碳平衡,在切向超滤的评价上,荧光只能作为溶解有机碳平衡的一个补充.     

模糊最大矩阵元鉴别海面溢油

建立了模糊最大矩阵元的海面溢油鉴别模式,提出了油种鉴别的置信水平λ_i的模糊区概念,给出了常见的14种油、两种风化油和海面溢油的模糊动态聚类图。油种鉴别的置信水平λ_i主要受风化的影响,风化30天,任丘原油和30~#重柴油同其它13种油可分类的置信水平范围分别为:0.99939>λ_i>0.99725和0.99791>λ_i>0.99026。海面溢油鉴别结果表明,本法较指纹谱图辨识法的准确度高。     

水质管理规划中BOD5响应矩阵的一种改型模式

本文推导对水质管理规划中经典BOD5响应矩阵的一种改型模式,并对数值例加以阐述.该模式以BOD5总量为控制对象,任一河流断面的BOD5输入量在此响应矩阵中仅出现一次,从而使响应关系由下三角矩阵改变为每一行均含三个变量的稀疏矩阵。这一改型不仅提高了计算速度,更重要的是,由于改型模式具有运输问题类型良好的特殊结构,可以方便地判断一个水质管理规划问题是否可行和给出可行的充分必要条件,这一特性具有较大的实际经济意义.改型模式与经典模式所需数据完全相同。      

Assessing Fisheries – Using an Ethical Matrix in a Participatory Process

The Norwegian National Committee for Research Ethics inScience and Technology (NENT), collaborating with The NorwegianFisherman's Association and The Research Council of Norway,started in 1999 a project aiming at an ethical assessment of Norwegian fisheries for the year 2020. The project was to preparethe ground for ethical debate in and of the fishery sector inview of pending important decisions on long term strategies. Thispaper has its focus on the method used for achieving these aims,rather than the substantive results concerning the fisheries. Amethod was developed for this purpose, called the ethicalscenario process. This included the construction of scenarios forthe future of Norwegian fisheries, using an ethical matrix for evaluating strategies, and organizing a ``value workshop' whereparticipants from different stakeholder groups came together todo ethical evaluations. The positive achievements and theshortcomings of this method are discussed in this paper. The useof an ethical matrix was meant to combine a participatory approachwith insights from theoretical ethics. The project revealedinherent tensions between these two objectives. Possible ways ofdealing with this tension are indicated, but in general a goodgrasp of the socio-political context might be the best guardianagainst the possible pitfalls involved in such an approach.     

七虎林河流域上游溶解性有机质光谱特性分析

七虎林河源头区地表腐殖质随着径流的冲刷进入水体,形成了天然有机质(NOM),其中,溶解性有机质(DOM)易对河流水质造成影响。为了研究七虎林河中DOM的时空分布特征及其对水质的影响,开展了6次采样,分析了水体及土壤吸收光谱和荧光光谱特征参数,利用平行因子(PARAFAC)算法解析了水体DOM的特性及来源。结果表明：七虎林河上游水体五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、化学需氧量(COD)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)的浓度分别为1.4 mg/L±0.2 mg/L、6.1 mg/L±3.0 mg/L、21 mg/L±8 mg/L、7.0 mg/L±3.2 mg/L,BOD₅/COD平均值为0.08,说明流域内水体DOM的可生化性差,对水质影响较小。光谱特征参数紫外吸收系数(SUVA₂₅₄)、荧光指数(FI)、腐殖化指数(HIX)、生物源指数(BIX)分析结果表明,七虎林河上游云山水库库上林区河段DOM的物质组成与水库及库下河段差异显著。库上河段DOM的芳香碳含量更高、分子量更大、自生源组分...     

高分辨率遥感图像在城市快速震害预测中的应用研究

以河南省某县城为例,通过分析高分辨率遥感图像,获取建筑物的属性信息,结合相关调查数据,建立震害矩阵,得到震害预测结果,计算综合地震危险性指数,评价该区域综合抗震能力。与实际调研结果对比后发现,基于高分表率遥感图像的建筑物信息提取技术具有较高精度,能够满足大范围快速震害预测的需要。