基于APCS-MLR和PMF模型的煤矸山周边耕地土壤重金属污染特征及源解析

以重庆市南川区某煤矸山周边耕地土壤为研究对象,运用内梅罗指数法和地累积指数法分析土壤重金属污染水平和分布特征,并采用绝对因子得分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)和正定矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型,探析研究区土壤重金属来源及其贡献率.结果表明,下游区土壤中8项重金属均值含量均高于上游区,其中Cu、 Ni和Zn含量显著高于上游区(P<0.05).内梅罗综合污染指数表现为：下游区(1.22)>上游区(0.95),重金属污染程度由大到小表现为：Cd>Cu>Hg、 As、 Pb、 Cr、 Ni和Zn.地累积指数由大到小表现为：Cd>As>Cu=Hg>Ni>Zn=Cr>Pb.源解析表明,研究区土壤中Cu、 Ni和Zn主要受煤矸山堆存影响,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为49.8%、 94.5%和73.2%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为62.8%、 62.2%和63.1%; Cd、 Hg和As主要受农业和交通混合源影响,APCS-MLR模型的贡献率分别为49.8%、 94.5%和73.2%,PMF模型的贡献率分别为62.8%、 62.2%和63.1...     

Effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability and extracellular polymeric substances distribution in mesophilic anaerobic digestion

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on sludge dewaterability was determined and the fate of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix in mesophilic anaerobic digestion after ultrasonic pretreatment was studied. Characteristics of proteins (PN), polysaccharides (PS), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular weight (MW) distribution of dissolved organic matters (DOM) in different EPS fractions were evaluated. The results showed that after ultrasonic pretreatment, the normalized capillary suction time (CST) decreased from 44.4 to 11.1 (sec·L)/g total suspended solids (TSS) during anaerobic digestion, indicating that sludge dewaterability was greatly improved. The normalized CST was significantly correlated with PN concentration (R2 = 0.92, p 0.01) and the PN/PS ratio (R2 = 0.84, p 0.01) in the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) fraction. Meanwhile, the average MW of DOM in the LB- EPS and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) fractions also had a good correlation with the normalized CST (R2 0.66, p 0.01). According to EEM fluorescence spectroscopy, tryptophan-like substances intensities in the slime, LB-EPS and TB-EPS fractions were correlated with the normalized CST. The organic matters in the EPS matrix played an important role in influencing sludge dewaterability.     

上海市郊道路地表径流多环芳烃污染特征对比及源解析

随着城市化发展,我国城市地表径流污染问题日益突出,交通道路地表径流多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染受到广泛关注.以上海中心城区(漕宝路)和郊区(嘉金高速)交通道路为研究对象,采集2017～2018年7场降雨地表动态径流水样,分析道路地表径流多环芳烃的质量浓度特征及组成比例,并采用特征比值法和正定矩阵因子法(positive matrix factorization,PMF)进行PAHs源解析,从而明确交通道路地表径流PAHs的污染特征及来源差异.结果表明,郊区嘉金高速Σ16PAHs的几何均值(5 539. 2 ng·L~(-1))高于市区漕宝路(548. 1 ng·L~(-1)) 10倍以上,与嘉金高速货车比例大且清扫频率相对较低有关.两个点位的苯并[a]芘[benzo(a) pyrene,Ba P]均超过国家排放标准,尤其嘉金高速超标21倍.漕宝路和嘉金高速径流PAHs组分比例差异不大,均以4～6环为主,占比约80%.通过特征比值法定性源解析发现,漕宝路PAHs主要来自燃煤源和交通源;嘉金高速PAHs主要来自石油、煤等燃烧源和交通源. PMF定量源解析表明,漕宝路径流PAHs来源以燃气、燃煤源为主,占48. 6%,其次为交通排放源和石油源,分别占29. 8%和21. 7%;嘉金高速道路径流PAHs来源贡献比从大到小依次为交通排放源、燃煤源、石油源以及炼焦源,其贡献率分别为38. 5%、34. 6%、14. 6%和12. 6%.市、郊道路的PAHs来源及贡献率存在显著差异,燃气、燃煤源是市区漕宝路地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其所在徐汇区人口密度大、燃气使用量相对较多有关;交通排放源是郊区嘉金高速地表径流PAHs主要来源,与其客、货车流量相对较大、其排放PAHs远高于轿车有关;另外嘉金高速PAHs来源还存在炼焦源,与青浦区工业煤炭使用量较大有关.     

关中地区细颗粒物碳组分特征及来源解析

为研究关中地区细颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征及其来源,于2017年9月4日至2018年1月19日在关中地区5个主要典型城市(西安、渭南、铜川、宝鸡和咸阳)设置采样点(XA、WN、TCH、BJ和XY)进行细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的手工采样观测,碳组分环境样品采用热光透射法(TOT)分析.结果表明,细颗粒物中OC和EC平均浓度分别为(14. 48±7. 86)μg·m~(-3)和(2. 27±0. 95)μg·m~(-3),占比分别为18. 04%和2. 99%,与其他城市相比污染较为严重.碳组分占比的空间分布为XY WN XA BJ TCH,且季节差异明显,冬季占比高于秋季. OC与EC的相关性显著(R~2=0. 79),有着较为相同的污染来源.OC1在碳组分中比例最高为23. 44%,碳组分的浓度顺序为OC1 EC2 EC3 OC4 EC1 OC2 OC3 EC4 EC6 EC5.正矩阵因子分解模型的源解析结果表明,该地区碳组分的4类主要贡献源为生物质燃烧与燃煤源、汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气和道路扬尘污染源,贡献率分别为48. 63%、23. 07%、18. 82%和9. 47%,各点位的污染贡献结构有着明显的差异.     

湿地植物芦苇根系分泌物的三维荧光光谱表征分析

针对湿地植物芦苇根系分泌物特性不明确的问题,于北京建筑大学大兴校区人工湖实地采集湿地植物芦苇,在实验室水培后采用三维荧光光谱技术考察了芦苇根系分泌溶解性有机物组成随时间的变化规律。结果表明:芦苇根系可分泌溶解性有机物,使根系周围水体有机碳含量增加;芦苇根系分泌物主要为含芳环结构类色氨酸蛋白物质;随时间延长,三维荧光光谱图出现代表微生物代谢物的荧光峰,推测根系周围出现微生物活动,微生物利用根系分泌物生长繁殖,并将类蛋白物质转化为类腐殖酸物质,产生代谢物,使根际周围溶解性有机物组成发生改变。     

基于模糊保护层的池火灾事故风险分析

为计算引发池火灾事故的风险值,提高事故风险的量化水平,判断现有风险控制措施是否满足风险容忍度的要求,为制定减缓风险措施提供依据,给出了新的池火灾风险评估模型。基于传统的保护层分析模型(LOPA),结合模糊集合理论,引入模糊风险矩阵进行风险评估,构建适用于引发池火灾事故的模糊保护层(fL OPA)风险分析模型。该模型的特点是将模糊逻辑和保护层分析结合,减少了传统保护层分析方法计算过程中的不确定性因素,引入严重度减少指数(SRI)概念,使严重度计算、风险评估更加准确。运用该模型对原油储罐泄漏池火灾事故风险进行分析,给出风险决策方案,判断现有保护措施是否能控制风险在可容忍范围内,实例验证了模型的可行性。     

近20年来康定市景观格局演变及其驱动力分析

为了研究近20年来康定市景观格局的演变并分析其主要驱动力,基于1990、2000、2010年的遥感解译数据,在类型和景观水平上计算分析了近20年来康定市的景观格局指数变化、景观类型转移和质心偏移,探讨了康定市景观格局演变的主要驱动力。结果表明:1)康定市景观格局中林地景观和草地景观所占面积最大,为主要优势基质景观类型,对维持区域生态系统稳定起决定性作用,其次依次为其他景观、水域景观、农田景观和人文景观;2)20年来康定市景观破碎化程度有所增加,景观形状整体上趋于简单化,景观连接性和多样性增加,但景观均匀度下降;3)1990—2010年人文景观和林地景观面积增加,而农田景观面积降低,其他类型面积变化较小,农田景观和人文景观受人类干扰较大,破碎化程度增加,斑块形状趋于简单;4)1990—2000年景观类型面积基本未发生转移,2000—2010年农田景观和草地景观向林地景观转移,草地景观和林地景观向人文景观转移;5)近20年来人文景观类型向西偏移了0.058°,向北偏移了0.026°,农田景观类型向西偏移了0.033°,向南偏移了0.014°,而林地、草地、水域和其他景观类型的质心几乎未发生偏移。近20年来康定市景观格局变化是自然因素和人为因素综合作用的结果,特别是社会经济、政策和人口增长等人为因素是康定市景观格局演变的主要因素。     

大气污染物监测数据不确定度评估方法体系建立及其对PMF源解析的影响分析

目前,正定矩阵因子法(PMF)在大气污染物来源解析中得到了广泛应用,而监测数据不确定度评估是PMF源解析的重要内容之一.当前绝大部分研究采用的数据不确定度仅通过借鉴前人的方法简单计算而得,缺乏对计算方法的合理性和适用性进行评估.本研究通过3种常用的不确定度算法交互应用建立了一套有效评估不确定度的方法体系.通过对香港荃湾站点1998—2008年PM_(10)组分监测数据进行源解析并与平行采样数据源解析结果进行对比,对该方法体系的合理性进行了验证.结果发现,应用该方法体系可以将某些常规方法无法分离的因子进一步分解,得到的源解析结果的残差值甚至小于平行采样方法解析结果的残差值,得到的因子贡献率均处于常规方法得出的因子贡献率之间.这些均表明了该方法体系所得源解析结果的可靠性和全面性.因此,本研究建立的评估不确定度的方法体系具有较强的可行性,对确保源解析结果的准确性有重要意义.     

Quantitative evaluation of collagen type VI and SOD gene expression in the nuchal skin of human fetuses with trisomy 21

Objective To investigate the involvement of the genes encoding for COL6A1, COLA2 and super-oxide dismutase (SOD) in the mechanism for the retention of subcutaneous fluid in fetuses with trisomy 21. Methods During a 7-month period (November 2004–May 2005), human fetal skin from the nuchal region was obtained from euploid fetuses and from fetuses with trisomy 21 following abortions and terminations of pregnancy. Cell cultures were performed from nuchal skin. Quantification of COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3 and SOD mRNAs were performed using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Results Twelve fetuses were studied between 13–15 and 19–20 weeks of gestation including 7 cases of trisomy 21. A significant overexpression of genes of interest was demonstrated in trisomy 21 fetuses when compared with euploid fetuses, in the first and in the second trimester of pregnancy (p < 0.0001). Conclusion This study demonstrates a homogeneous overexpression of the genes encoding for α1 and α2 chains of Collagen type VI, and SOD in nuchal skin of human trisomy 21 fetuses. Persistence of this overexpression in the second trimester of pregnancy, despite the absence of an enlarged nuchal translucency (NT), may characterize some compensatory mechanisms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The comparison of a revised Leopold matrix and fuzzy methods in environmental impact assessment,a case study: The construction of Al‐A'amiriya residential complex,Baghdad, Iraq

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an efficient method to recognize and alleviate the unfavorable and inevitable impacts of human activity on the environment. The EIA is dependent on expert opinions, which can be influenced by personal experience and knowledge. To evaluate this influence, we carried out EIA of 6,000 residential apartment units of Al‐A'amiriya, Baghdad, Iraq, using a revised Leopold matrix and fuzzy methods. The matrix results reflected the direct opinions of experts. The fuzzy method was developed according to the principles of expert comments. In the matrix method, the environmental impacts of each activity were evaluated by scores between −5 (very bad) to 5 (very good). The inputs to the fuzzy method were intensity and weather stability. The fuzzy estimation of the environmental impact was composed of a group of three values; P1 as the intensity, P2 as the extent, and P3 as the persistence. We gathered the expert opinions and used the Analytical Hierarchical Process to determine the weighting coefficient of each fuzzy anticipation. The matrix method was dependent on the expert opinions. The mean values of the matrix and P‐values in each column and row scores depict the impacts of a project on the environmental aspects and each element of construction on the environment. The comparison of the results indicated an average difference of 30% between the Leopold matrix and fuzzy methods. In regard to the availability and sufficiency of data, the difference was around 10%.