石羊河流域降水化学特征时空变化及来源浅析

运用相关分析、因子分析、富集因子和HYSPLIT模型对石羊河流域从2013年7月到2014年7月连续收集降水样品的主要离子浓度特征及来源进行了探讨分析,结果表明,Ca~(2+)和Na~+是主要的阳离子,SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-是主要的阴离子,石羊河流域的主要降水类型为SO_4~(2-)-NO_3~--Ca~(2+);石羊河流域的总离子浓度的季节大小变化顺序为冬季春季秋季夏季,石羊河流域的降水水化学主要受地壳源和人为源的影响;石羊河流域的降水类型分为季风降水、西风降水和混合降水,而混合降水是石羊河流域的主要降水类型,其次为西风降水,最后为季风降水。     

Institutional networks and adaptive water governance in the Klamath River Basin,USA

Polycentric networks of formal organizations and informal stakeholder groups, as opposed to centralized institutional hierarchies, can be critically important for strengthening the capacity of governance systems to adapt to unexpected social and biophysical change. Adaptive governance is one type of environmental governance characterized by the emergence of networks that stimulate adaptive capacity through increases in social-learning, communication, trust, public participation and adaptive management. However, detecting and analyzing adaptive governance networks remains elusive, especially given contexts of highly contested resource governance such as large-scale negotiations over water use. Research methods such as social network analysis (SNA) are often infeasible as they necessitate collecting in-depth and politically sensitive personal data from a near-complete set of actors or organizations in a network. Here we present a method for resolving this problem by describing the results of an institutional SNA aimed at characterizing the changing governance network in the Klamath River Basin, USA during a period of contested negotiations over water. Through this research, we forward a method of institutional SNA useful when an individual or egocentric approach to SNA is problematic for political, logistical or financial reasons. We focus our analysis on publically available data signaling changes in formal relationships (statutory, regulatory, contractual) between organizations and stakeholder groups. We find that employing this type of SNA is useful for describing potential and actual transitions in governance that yield increases in adaptive capacity to respond to social and biophysical surprises such as increasing water scarcity and changes in water distribution.     

ESTIMATION OF LONG-TERM DISCHARGE STATISTICS BY REGIONAL ADJUSTMENT1

ABSTRACT: A regional adjustment relationship was developed to estimate long-term (30-year) monthly median discharges from short term (three-year) records. This method differs from traditional approaches in that it is based on site-specific discharge data but does not require correlation of these data with discharges from a single hydrologically similar long-term gage. The method is shown to be statistically robust, and applicable to statistics other than the median.     

河流污染类型优控顺序确定方法及其在海河流域的应用

建立河流污染类型优控顺序方法并将其应用于海河流域,结合海河流域主要河流站点水质监测数据和沉积物分析数据,对各水系河流的耗氧污染、富营养化及沉积物重金属污染状况进行整体评估,确定海河流域河流污染优先控制顺序.结果表明,海河流域有36%河长耗氧污染严重,重污染河流主要分布在黑龙港运东水系、子牙河水系和徒骇马颊河水系,重度污染河长比例分别为100%、54%和68%.重度富营养化河流主要分布在子牙河水系、北三河水系(北运河、潮白河、蓟运河)和徒骇马颊河水系,重度污染河长比例分别为50.0%、52.3%和39.7%;沉积物重金属生态风险普遍较低,子牙河水系、滦河水系和漳卫河水系重度污染河长比例分别为26.5%、21.6%和28.0%.海河流域河流中度以上的耗氧污染、富营养化及重金属污染河长分别为8203 km、6927 km和6733 km,由此确定流域河流污染优控顺序应该是首先关注耗氧污染,然后再控制河流富营养化,最后再治理重金属污染.分水系优控顺序研究表明永定河水系、大清河水系、黑龙港运东水系、子牙河水系和徒骇马颊河水系主要面临耗氧污染问题;北三河水系应首先控制富营养化;滦河水系、海河干流和漳卫河水系应关注沉积物重金属污染.     

海河流域社会经济发展对河流水质的影响

海河流域社会经济快速发展,主要河流水质恶化.本文基于海河流域人口规模、经济产值和土地利用变化过程,结合河流社会经济发展指标和水质变化统计分析,从流域废污水排放和水资源利用等角度分析社会经济对水环境影响机制.研究表明,流域人口规模大幅增长、工业生产强度大幅提高,工业聚集区由北京-天津地区扩展到北京-天津-唐山、石家庄、聊城-德州等地区,导致海河流域工业废水和生活污水排放规模迅速上升,成为河流水质恶化直接驱动力.城市扩张是流域土地利用变化最显著特征,近30年来城市用地面积增加85%,北京-天津-唐山城市群规模扩大,造成流域水资源开发利强度加剧,降低河流自净缓冲能力.因子分析表明,流域影响河流水质因素分解为农村、城市和自然等3个方面,其中城市化过程和农村社会经济发展对河流水体污染物浓度水平影响非常显著.     

Changes in nitrogen budget and potential risk to the environment over 20 years(1990–2010) in the agroecosystems of the Haihe Basin,China

The nitrogen balance can serve as an indicator of the risk to the environment of nitrogen loss from agricultural land. To investigate the temporal and spatial changes in agricultural nitrogen application and its potential threat to the environment of the Haihe Basin in China, we used a database of county-level agricultural statistics to calculate agricultural nitrogen input, output,surplus intensity, and use efficiency. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen input increased by 51.7% from1990 to 2000 and by 37.2% from 2000 to 2010, concomitant with increasing crop yields.Simultaneously, the nitrogen surplus intensity increased by 53.5% from 1990 to 2000 and by16.5% from 2000 to 2010, presenting a continuously increased environmental risk. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased from 0.46 in 1990 to 0.42 in 2000 and remained constant at 0.42 in 2010,partly due to fertilizer composition and type improvement. This level indicates that more than half of nitrogen inputs are lost in agroecosystems. Our results suggest that although the improvement in fertilizer composition and types has partially offset the decrease in nitrogen use efficiency, the environmental risk has still increased gradually over the past 20 years, along with the increase in crop yields and nitrogen application. It is important to achieve a better nitrogen balance through more effective management to significantly reduce the environmental risk,decrease nitrogen surplus intensity, and increase nitrogen use efficiency without sacrificing crop yields.     

浅析辽河流域水环境管理现状及改善措施

辽河流域是我国北方重要的河流型流域,水环境污染问题突出。文章从水环境管理体制、水污染控制方式、水生态安全管理、预警监控4个方面剖析了辽河流域水环境管理现状,并提出针对性的改善措施,对促进辽河流域水环境管理能力提高具有积极的实际意义。     

太湖流域农业面源污染防控措施研究分析

近年来,太湖流域农业面源污染占流域污染负荷的比例逐步提高,已经成为太湖流域水污染物的主要来源.阐述了流域农业面源污染的概况,从种植业、畜禽养殖业、农村生活和水产养殖4个方面分析流域农业面源污染的构成.其中,种植业污染主要是由化肥、农药和农膜的过度使用引起.接着从政策、经济和技术3个层面详细探讨了农业面源污染产生的内在机理,并在此基础上提出相应的防控措施建议.     

西藏朋曲流域水电工程地质灾害危险性评价

朋曲流域地质灾害类型多样,对水电工程建设和下游居民的人身财产安全产生了严重威胁。本研究以2009年SPOT5遥感影像为数据源,在研究区地质背景基础上,从基本环境因素、诱发因素和历史因素三个方面选取了坡度、岩性、断层密度、年均降雨量、植被覆盖度和灾害发育密度六个评价因子,通过改进模糊层次分析法获得各因子的相对权重,确定研究区危险性的量化指标。用GIS空间分析功能进行加权叠加,最终生成地质灾害危险性分级图,从而完成对朋曲流域水电工程的地质灾害危险性综合评价。结果表明,朋曲流域的地质灾害总体的危险度为中等,曲当厂址与聂当拉闸址分布于高危险区内,应加强对两处地质灾害的监测。     

东辽河流域人工湿地处理技术应用研究

人工湿地技术由于低成本的特点,被广泛的应用于污水处理以及河道整治等方面。不同湿地植物筛选及配比、不同填料的添加以及不同湿地流经方式,对湿地的处理效果都会产生一定的影响。以东辽河流域生态湿地为例,文章分别对植物筛选、生态湿地污水处理效果等方面进行了探讨。而对于北方地区来说,秋冬季节水温较低,容易产生冻结,而当前人工湿地处理技术冬季运行成本又相对较高且效果不稳定。因此水温的控制将成为东辽河流域人工湿地处理技术研究的关键;降低运行成本,保持持续稳定的处理效果将成为后续研究的重点内容。