含石棉制品(ACM)应限制使用

石棉在建筑、制动等行业应用的弊端早已得到重视,由此引起的国际性的环境及制品污染事故均以无法弥补的生命、健康损失和天价赔偿为最终代价。根据当前各国针对含石棉物质的限量要求、检测方法和法令,提出中国应采取的积极应对措施,重点在法令、标准的宣贯、新产品的开发以及检测方法的普及。     

符合ASME要求的承压设备焊缝超声相控阵检测（一）

结合国际权威法规AsME最新要求,研讨承压设备焊缝超声检测使用相控阵（PA）技术的重要条件和方法要领,突出该技术的工程应用实际和装置选项须知。旨在为国内承压设备推广应用PA技术、制定相应行业标准和刷新、升级UT人员的操作技能,提供有用借鉴。     

无损检测用X光底片伪缺陷的产生及防止方法

X光底片作为直接反映缺陷形状、大小、数量的媒介,它的质量好坏对于无损检测人员作出正确分析判断是极其重要的。总结了X光底片上伪缺陷产生的原因,并提出了相应的防止方法。     

管道补口热收缩带粘接质量超声检测试验研究

为解决管道补口热收缩带剥离强度人工抽检效率低、人为因素影响大的问题,采用水浸法开展基于超声检测的补口热收缩带粘接性能的试验研究,根据回波信号、时域等效强度It和频域等效强度If,分析了2.25 MHz、5 MHz时接收信号与粘接质量的关系。结果表明:当检测频率为2.25 MHz时,随着粘接质量的下降,回波信号R1-2呈增强趋势;当检测频率为5 MHz时,随着粘接质量的下降,有R1减弱、R2增强的趋势,发生脱粘时,R1异常增强,R2几乎减弱到零;同时,两种频率检测结果均表明时域等效强度It和频域等效强度If与粘接质量呈反比:粘接质量下降,It、If增强,可作为管道补口粘接质量定量评价的两项指标。此外,与2.25 MHz相比,5 MHz对于粘接质量的判别能力更强,更有利于实际检测。     

管座焊缝内侧的相控阵超声自动检测

本文介绍应用相控阵技术结合配有编码动作的机械装置,对插入式管座焊缝从接管内侧用线阵探头进行超声检测的方法。建立实验模型,可为声柬全覆盖所必须考虑的物理参数,提供验证数据。建模和实测结果表明：利用声线跟踪法,扫查布置图（Scanplan）能提供所需覆盖范围的适当显示。当从接管内表面进行扫查时,用于引导探头扫查动作的机械装置往往可设计得减少复杂性。本文所述方法可望为承压设备结构较复杂的管座焊缝,实施超声相控阵检测（PAUT）符合ASME最新版要求提供有用借鉴。     

利用"三废"制轻型保温隔热建筑材料

塑料的问世给人们的日常生活带来了极大方便的同时,也给人类居住环境造成很大破坏。人们使用后的聚苯乙烯泡沫包装盒(板)和塑料袋随处可见,形成了难以消除的“白色污染”。还有工业废渣到处堆积如山,没有得到充分利用。针对这种情况．笔者为了开发这些“三废”材料的新用途．利用泡沫塑料和炉渣表观密度小、空隙率大、保温隔热性能好等特性,研制了一种轻型保温隔热建筑材料,经过实验取得了良好效果。     

INTERBASIN TRANSFER-THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION1

ABSTRACT. A number of interbasin transfers are technically possible on an international scale but extremely few have been developed or are in prospect of early development. The institutional constraints are strong and nationalistic reactions to proposals which strongly favor either one of the nations involved have contributed to delays in development. Many of the more striking illustrations of the problems and opportunities relating to international transfers are present in the proposals for Canadian water export to the United States. Some have antagonized Canadians and made further negotiation difficult but phased and sequential transfers are possible and some could complement Canadian development. An important early phase might be the provision of guarantees for replacement supplies in option agreements that would free current surpluses within the United States for more intensive use. It should no longer be assumed that engineering development will provide adequate benefits for the source region. Allowances for opportunity costs, environmental improvements and some profit on sales appear to be needed for upstream areas if transfers are to be made. Many hazards are present but these can be more than offset by the opportunities if both countries strive for mutual benefit through rational study and continuing negotiation.     

Outcome of cases of de novo structural rearrangements diagnosed at amniocentesis

The frequency of de novo rearrangements at amniocentesis was determined in 76952 prenatal diagnoses from centres in the United States. Rates for balanced rearrangements are slightly greater than rates previously reported in the newborn, possibly because banding studies were not used in the latter. Rates for unbalanced rearrangements are considerably higher in the amniocentesis data not only because banding was used but also because a substantial loss of abnormal conceptions is to be expected between amniocentesis and birth. The higher frequency of cases with supernumerary markers at amniocentesis is unexplained. A review of 66 apparently balanced de novo rearrangements found at amniocentesis revealed evidence of abnormality in five; in four of these the abnormality was noted in the abortus. The number of cases observed is still too small to rule out a risk of abnormality no greater than the usual rate of abnormalities at birth. Abnormalities were detected in 6 of 10 cases with unbalanced de novo rearrangements. In 33 cases of non-familial supernumerary chromosomes 6 (18.2 per cent) showed abnormality. Non-satellited markers appeared to have a higher rate of abnormality than satellited markers but the difference is not statistically significant. Further studies and improved follow-up of de NOVO cases diagnosed at amniocentesis are required.     

Selected polyandry: female choice and inter-sexual conflict in a small nocturnal solitary primate (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcebus murinus</Emphasis>)

Sex-specific interests over the maximization of reproductive success lead to an inter-sexual conflict over the optimal mating system in a species. Traditionally, the outcome of this inter-sexual conflict has been studied from the male perspective but it also depends on female mating strategies, such as manipulating the temporal distribution of sexual activity, advertisement, and mate choice. We used a small nocturnal primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) to determine the relative importance of female mating strategies on the outcome of this conflict in a species where females are solitary during their activity period. We studied their mating behavior over three consecutive annual mating seasons and determined the genetic relationships among more than 300 study animals to quantify individual reproductive success. We found that most females were receptive asynchronously. Females did not exhibit any obvious direct mate choice, probably due to a highly male-biased operational sex ratio and the corresponding costs of choosiness. However, females exercised indirect choice for multiple matings. They mated with 1–7 males up to 11 times during their single night of receptivity. As a result, mixed paternity was common but heavier males sired more offspring, meaning that indirect female choice for superior males cannot be excluded. Females exhibited a mixed mating strategy, avoiding costly direct mate choice but still counteracting male efforts to monopolize mating, successfully increasing genetic variability among offspring. Thus, females had a major influence on the outcome of the inter-sexual conflict despite male monopolization attempts.Communicated by J. Setchell