海水异养硝化-好氧反硝化芽孢杆菌SLWX2的筛选及脱氮特性

从分离自刺参养殖环境的7株候选菌株中筛选出1株具有较强异养硝化和好氧反硝化能力的菌株SLWX_2,通过形态学特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因测序分析鉴定其为花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis).该菌株脱氮特性研究结果表明,SLWX_224 h对氨氮、亚硝酸氮和硝酸氮的去除率分别达到100%、99.5%和85.6%;当3种无机氮源同时存在时,菌株优先利用氨氮,再利用NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N,72 h 3种无机氮的质量浓度均降至0.013 mg·L~(-1)以下,表明该菌株能同时进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化完成脱氮;在氨氮负荷500 mg·L~(-1)、亚硝酸氮负荷100 mg·L·~(-1)和硝酸氮负荷200 mg·L~(-1)范围内,该菌的脱氮能力不受明显抑制,对3种形态的氮均有良好去除效果,96 h最多可去除180 mg NH_4~+-N、30 mg NO_2~--N和120 mg NO_3~--N,并且在硝化过程中没有亚硝酸氮积累.该菌株在海水养殖和高盐高氮工业废水的脱氮处理方面具有更大潜力.     

Extended geometric method: a simple approach to derive adsorption rate constants of Langmuir-Freundlich kinetics

A new and simple equation has been presented here for calculation of adsorption and desorption rate constants of Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic equation. The derivation of new equation is on the basis of extension and correction to the geometric method which has been presented by Kuan et al. [Kuan, W.-H., Lo, S.-L., Chang, C.M., Wang, M.K., 2000. A geometric approach to determine adsorption and desorption kinetic constants. Chemosphere 41, 1741-1747] for the kinetics of adsorption/desorption in aqueous solutions. The correction is to consider that the concentration of solute is not constant and changes as adsorption proceeds. The extension is that we applied Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic model instead of Langmuir kinetic model to consider the heterogeneity and therefore it is more applicable to the real systems. For solving Langmuir-Freundlich kinetic model, some geometric methods and also Taylor expansion were used and finally a simple and novel equation was derived (Eq. (20)) for calculation of adsorption rate constant. This new method was named "extended geometric method". The input data of the obtained equation can be simply derived from initial data of adsorption kinetics. Finally the adsorption of methyl orange onto granular activated carbon was carried out at dynamic and equilibrium conditions and the capabilities of extended geometric method were examined by the experimental data.     

Northern Idaho House Dust and Soil Lead Levels Compared to the Bunker Hill Superfund Site

House dust has been identified as a major exposure medium for lead (Pb) in children. High levels of Pb in soil and house dust have been recorded at the Bunker Hill Superfund Site (BHSS) in northern Idaho, an historic mining and smelting district. Soil and dust remediation at the site was required; however, regional background soil and dust Pb levels had not been well characterized. The objective of this survey was to determine background house dust Pb levels and to compare those levels with concentrations, and dust and Pb loading rates measured at the BHSS. Soil and house dust samples were collected in five towns demographically similar to the BHSS but unaffected by the mining industry. The background concentrations and loading rates were significantly lower than those observed at the site. House age was a significant factor affecting background soil and house dust Pb concentrations and loading rates.     

Contaminant degradation in physically and chemically heterogeneous aquifers

This paper examines the importance of the correlation between hydraulic conductivity (K) and degradation rate constant (k) during the transport of reactive contaminants in heterogeneous aquifers. We simulated reactive transport in an ensemble of two-dimensional heterogeneous aquifers. Two sets of transport simulations were conducted: one in which a perfect positive correlation was assumed between ln(K) and ln(k), and one in which a perfect negative correlation was assumed. We found that the sign of the correlation has important consequences for the contaminant transport. Qualitatively, a negative correlation leads to significantly more pronounced "fingering" of the contaminant plume than does a positive correlation, with potentially important consequences for downgradient receptors. Quantitatively, the expected behavior (as quantified by the contaminant mass remaining in the aquifer) is statistically different between the positive and negative cases: on average, more contaminant mass persists when K and k are negatively correlated. Also, the negative correlation leads to more variability between realizations of the ensemble, whereas a positive correlation induces relatively little variability between realizations. We discuss the implications of these findings for the management of contaminated aquifers.     

三种偶氮染料降解历程在紫外-可见光谱上的表现

本文对基本结构相似的三种偶氮染料橙黄Ⅱ、活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ和活性黑Ｋ－ＢＲ水溶液在铁粉还原－光氧化两步法处理中的紫外－可见光谱图作对比分析,依据其结构与特征吸收的关系,初步推测还原铁粉－光氧化法降解染料的历程。     

草原退化与恢复过程中土壤有机矿质复合体分组研究

对采自处于不同发展方向和阶段的草原土壤分组提取有机矿质复合体,并对它的质量分数、腐殖质质量分数和组成、Ｃ／Ｎ比值等的变化做了分析,试图从土壤复合体变化的角度去认识草原的退化和恢复过程。研究发现土壤腐殖质绝大部分集中于粘粒和粉粒级复合体;退化草原恢复时,复合体腐殖质质量分数增加,并且组成也发生变化;而草原轻度退化时,复合体腐殖质质量分数会减少,但组成不会变化。     

Environmental degradation by mud in tropical estuaries

In wet tropical countries, the intense rainfall and the lack of effective restrictions on human activities in the river catchment leads to increased rates of soil erosion. This has increased the sediment loads many times over from the natural level. As a result, estuarine and coastal waters are becoming increasingly muddy with associated losses for society in terms of increased flooding and a degradation of the environment, the fisheries and the economic use of these waters. It is suggested that science-based models be used to predict the fate of mud in estuaries and coastal waters when planning development in river catchments, particularly in wet tropical countries. This would help integrate land and water management. Modelling technology is demonstrated by a combination of field and model studies in four turbid tropical estuaries, namely the Fly River in Papua New Guinea, the Mekong River in Vietnam, the Cimanuk River in Indonesia, and Hinchinbrook Channel in Australia. The final model is adapted to local conditions and extensively uses data assimilation especially for open boundary conditions. There can be a feedback between the hydrodynamics and the mud dynamics when the system silts; in wet tropical countries this can occur rapidly, sometimes in only 30 years. Electronic Publication     

Pseudomonas sp.fz胞外分离物降解四溴双酚A

四溴双酚A(TBBPA)是全球消耗量最大的溴系阻燃剂。通过活性物质的定位、分离和TBBPA产物的分析等步骤,对Pseudomonas sp.fz胞外分离物降解TBBPA进行了研究。结果表明,存在于胞外的活性物质通过异丙基断裂和脱溴两条途径降解TBBPA。通过超滤,Sephadex G-10分离纯化得到了具有降解活性的小分子物质,分子量约为376~456 Da,初步鉴定为短肽类物质。这种小分子物质具有很好的热稳定性(30~80℃),在弱酸性条件下(2.0~5.0)活性较高,其活性还受金属离子、氧气和抑制剂(Na N3)的影响。此外,部分纯化的小分子物质在一定条件下能够产生羟基自由基(·OH)。     

固定化斜生栅藻净化畜禽废水中氨氮和磷的影响因素

为探讨Cu2+、p H和流速对固定化斜生栅藻去除畜禽废水中NH+4-N、TP效果的影响,在实验室条件下模拟实际污水处理过程,并采用正交实验方案对结果进行分析。结果表明低质量浓度Cu2+(0~0.05 mg/L)改善藻的净化效果,高质量浓度Cu2+(0.50~5.00 mg/L)抑制藻的净化效果;在p H较高的条件下(p H=9),固定化斜生栅藻的净化效果明显提高;流速对结果没有明显影响。通过正交实验,得出固定化斜生栅藻去除畜禽废水中NH+4-N、TP的优化条件如下:Cu2+质量浓度为0.05 mg/L,p H为9,流速为0.3 m/s。此时NH+4-N去除率为96.11%,TP去除率为97.53%。     

微等离子弧放电催化水处理技术的研究

采用钛为阳极的微等离子弧放电技术,研究了在模拟废水处理中放电催化效应及其机理,发现该技术对甲基橙有好的放电催化处理效果.甲基橙的脱色程度与峰值电压、脉冲频率、占空比、阳极电极面积等有关.在0.3mol·L-1的H3PO4电解液中,在峰值电压为550V、脉冲频率200Hz,占空比1∶180、阳极电极面积50mm×50mm条件下,20min内600mL、20mg·L-1的甲基橙溶液脱色率达90%.实验结果表明,该放电催化体系具有协同效果好、能效高、反应器设计要求简单等特点,是一种有发展前景的水处理新技术.