岩溶山地生态退化的海拔空间变异

为揭示岩溶山地生态退化的海拔空间变异,应用地统计学对地处滇黔桂连片岩溶腹地,海拔变化范围广的贵州省毕节地区生态退化指标的垂直梯度空间变异进行分析.石化率的半变异函数最佳理论模型为线性有基台模型,植被覆盖率、土壤砾石率为球状模型.植被覆盖率的空间异质比为22.32%,具有强烈的垂直梯度空间相关性,主要受到随海拔梯度变化的自然性控制因素的作用;石化率、土壤砾石率的空间异质比分别为34.38%、25.97%,均具有中等程度的垂直梯度空间相关性,受随机因素的作用较大.土壤砾石率、植被覆盖率的变程分别为968.10、859.48 m,受因素影响的海拔范围都较宽;石化率的变程为52.28 m,受因素影响的海拔范围很窄.石化率、植被覆盖率的Moran′s Ⅰ系数随海拔梯度变化的趋势相类似,但土壤砾石率的Moran′s Ⅰ系数随海拔梯度变化的趋势与石化率、植被覆盖率的差别较大.     

基于稳健统计的土壤环境背景值研究及应用

使用稳健统计方法中的位置估计量和尺度估计量对我国某受到人为干扰的地下水水源地C层土壤重金属的背景值进行了研究.结果表明,稳健统计方法对样本中的异常值有较高的耐抗性,计算结果与常规方法相近,因而适用于某些人为干扰地区的土壤环境背景值研究.对该水源地背景值的计算表明,该地区C层土壤Cu,Pb,Cd,Cr,As和Hg的背景值中心分别为21.2,32.5,0.103,60.3,11.0和0.012 mg/kg,其中w(Pb),w(Cd)和w(As)高于山东省平均值. 6种重金属的阈值分别为29.0,43.7,0.143,93.5,21.0和0.080 mg/kg,均小于全国平均上限值,但其中Pb,Cr,As的阈值高于土壤环境质量一级标准. 基于该地区背景值的污染累积指数评价表明,该地区主要重金属污染物为Pb和Hg,主要污染区为污水沟渠周边,污染深度为1～3 m.      

活性炭深度处理工艺用于地下回灌的水质研究

以北京高碑店污水处理厂二级生化出水为对象,研究了用于地下回灌的活性炭三级处理工艺.活性炭可有效降低DOC,UV-254和COD,部分去除可吸附有机卤化物(AOX).再经过土壤含水层处理,约90%的可吸附有机溴化物(AOBr)可被去除.Ames试验结果显示活性炭工艺可有效降低二级生化出水中的致突物.GC/MS分析表明,活性炭吸附可降低有机物含量,再经土壤含水层处理,大部分有机物及优先控制的污染物可被去除.      

满洲里市地下水中污染物的变化特征及成因分析

通过1988～1999年连续12a监测,得出满洲里市地下水水质的变化特征。满洲里市的地下水除氟化物超标外,其水质状况较好。受水文地质条件及地表补给等因素的影响,水体中污染物含量在丰水期高于枯水期,且出现波状起伏的年际变化。同时,不同深度的含水层污染物的变化差异较大。总的来说,深层水的水质较浅层水的水质好。      

地下水环境智慧监管技术集成与平台应用研究

针对"双源"地下水(地下水污染源和集中式地下水型饮用水源)环境监管需求,研发了一套集地下水污染在线监测预警、评价溯源、预测应急于一体的可视化技术集成与应用平台。该平台将物联网、地下水数值模拟、大数据、云计算等技术集成应用于环境监管,实现了工业园区地下水环境实时动态监测评价及预警、地下水污染路径溯源计算、地下水事故污染预测及应急支撑等网络服务与计算功能,并通过地下空间三维数字化处理,构建了"所见即所得"的三维虚拟现实界面,实现了对地下水环境的便捷、高效监管与决策。该平台兼容手机、平板电脑、台式计算机等固定和移动设备,可为"双源"地下水污染监控、管理和应急提供实时、高效的科技支撑。     

UNCALCULATED IMPACTS OF UNSUSTAINABLE AQUIFER YIELD INCLUDING EVIDENCE OF SUBSURFACE INTERBASIN FLOW1

ABSTRACT: Unsustainable withdrawals from regional aquifers have resulted in adverse impacts considerable distances from the point locations of supply wells. In one area of the southeastern (SE) Coastal Plain, conservative estimates for repair/replacement of some residential wells damaged or destroyed by unsustainable yield from the Floridan aquifer system exceeded $4 million. However, a comprehensive assessment of damage/economic loss to private property and public resources due to unsustainable yield from that regional karst aquifer has not been made. Uncalculated direct costs to home‐owners from damage attributed to those withdrawals are associated with destruction of homes from increased sinkhole formation, devalued waterfront property, and removal of diseased and dead trees. Examples of other uncalculated economic burdens resulting from unsustainable aquifer yield in the SE Coastal Plain include: (1) irreversible damage to the aquifer matrix and concomitant increased potential for groundwater contamination, (2) large‐scale wildfires with subsequent degradation of air quality, debilitation of transportation corridors, and destruction of timber, wildlife habitat and property, and (3) destruction of “protected” natural areas. This paper provides a general background of the regional Floridan aquifer system's karst characteristics, examples of known impacts resulting from ground water mining in the SE Coastal Plain, and examples of additional damage that may be related to unsustainable yield from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Costs of these impacts have not been calculated and are not reflected in the price users pay for ground water. Evidence suggests that the classic watershed management approach must be revised in areas with mined regional karst aquifers to include impacts of induced recharge from the surficial aquifer, and subsurface inter‐basin flow. Likewise, associated impacts to surface water and interrelated systems must be calculated. The true cost of groundwater mining to this and future generations should be determined using a multidisciplinary approach.     

唐山市农业区地下水垂向剖面中硝态氮污染的研究

当今农业地区灌溉施肥引起氮素对地下水的污染已成为人们普遍关注的环境问题.本文结合唐山市农业区的生产实际,应用LEACHN数学模型,对唐山市农业地区灌溉施肥条件下氮素在土壤中的迁移转化进行了模拟计算.所建立的地下水垂向剖面的二维水量水质模型,对典型剖面中地下水的硝态氮污染进行了模拟和分析.计算结果表明,唐山农业区灌溉施肥引起根区以下硝态氮渗漏损失可造成浅层地下水的污染.     

贵州喀斯特山区生态环境脆弱性及其生态整治

贵州是我国喀斯特地貌最发育的省份之一,属典型的生态环境脆弱区通过对人口容量、生物生产力与生物量、敏感性和承灾能力等4个方面的分析阐述了贵州喀斯特山区生态环境脆弱性的基本特征,探讨了喀斯特脆弱环境形成的自然因子和人类活动因子的影响机理,根据我国西部大开发中生态建设的要求,提出了贵州喀斯特山区脆弱生态环境的整治对策．     

The Impact of Urbanization and Protection of Water Resources in Owerri and Environs SE, Nigeria

Untreated sewage and agriculture are the most important sources of contamination. The study was carried out by conducting a short-term surface water and groundwater pollution survey of the Owerri Urban area and its environs, in order to establish the current levels of pollution. An attempt has been made to show the relationships between pollution levels, population density, industrial and agricultural activities. The spatial distribution of pollutants due to a poor land use system and to human activities was investigated. This emphasises integrated planned development as a preventive measure for arresting pollution levels in fast growing urban centres. The total groundwater stored in the area amounts to 7.87 × 10⁹ m³. Twenty five percent of this is released as base flow into the adjacent rivers (Otamiri and Nworie). The annual groundwater recharge is 3.4 × 10⁹ m³. The enormous volume of groundwater stored and the comparatively low cost of development makes groundwater an excellent alternative supply source for the area (Uma et al., 1984).     

川中丘陵区典型小流域地下水硝酸盐污染分析

对川中丘陵区典型小流域地下水N素含量及形态分配的监测结果表明,硝酸盐(NO3--N)是该地区地下水N素存在的主要形态。川中丘陵区54.5%的地下水NO3--N含量超过世界卫生组织(WHO)饮用水准则规定的10mg.L-1标准,另有27.3%的地下水NO3--N含量接近这一标准,表明该区地下水已经大范围地受到NO3--N污染的威胁。土地利用状况可能是影响川中丘陵区地下水NO3--N含量的主要因素。降雨量和水井深度也影响该区地下水NO3--N含量。紫色土坡耕地NO3--N随壤中流向浅层地下水迁移,可能是造成该区地下水NO3--N含量较高的最重要原因。