除草剂拉索对地下水影响研究

研究了除草剂拉索在滨海冲积沙壤中的残留及其对浅层地下水的影响，并用ＰＲＺＭ模型进行计算机模拟．两年连续试验结果表明，拉索在施药区内的浅层地下水中均有检出．在施药区外１０ｍ处，施药６０ｄ后亦有检出．降雨对其移动影响显著．拉索在土壤中残留动态的田间测定结果与计算机模拟基本一致．根据现有结果认为，拉索可在我国使用，但使用地区应作适当限制．     

煤炭开发影响地下水资源环境研究一例--平顶山市石龙区贫水化的原因分析

研究了石龙区大规模煤炭开发40余年来地下水水位和水化学场的变化及其原因。从地下水资源量和地下水水质两个方面探讨煤矿开采对本区水资源环境的破坏机理，为矿区生态环境综合整治提供依据。     

Sustainable three‐well pumping strategy for efficient detection monitoring near waste impoundments

Efficient monitoring systems addressing the difficulty of detecting narrow contaminant plumes originating from unknown point sources are needed for modern landfills. A low‐discharge extraction and accompanying injection wells could potentially address this problem. This hypothetical computer‐modeling study involved a three‐well detection system consisting of one extraction and two injection wells at a rectangular landfill in a shallow, unconfined aquifer. The extraction and injection wells were located near the landfill's downgradient and cross‐gradient corners, respectively. Each injection well pumped at half the rate of the extraction well. A minimum pumping rate of 1.1 cubic meters per day was determined for the three‐well system; at this rate, all contaminant plumes originating within the landfill's footprint entered the extraction well prior to reaching a downgradient property boundary. In comparison, five passive (not pumped) wells detected all contaminant releases from the landfill. Results of this study suggest that a low‐discharge extraction well with accompanying injection wells may be an effective contaminant detection strategy at some waste impoundments.     

Assessment of Groundwater Depletion and Implications for Management in the Denver Basin Aquifer System

The Denver Basin Aquifer System (DBAS) is a critical groundwater resource along the Colorado Front Range. Groundwater depletion has been documented over the past few decades due to the increased water use among users, presenting long‐term sustainability challenges. A spatiotemporal geostatistical analysis is used to estimate potentiometric surfaces and evaluate groundwater storage changes between 1990 and 2016 in each of the four DBAS aquifers. Several key depletion patterns and spatial water‐level changes emerge in this work. Hydraulic head changes are the largest in the west‐central side of the DBAS and have decreased in some areas by up to 180 m since 1990, while areas to the northwest show increases in hydraulic head by over 30.5 m. The Denver and Arapahoe aquifers show the largest groundwater storage losses, with the highest rates occurring in the 2000s. The results highlight uncertainty in the volumetric predictions under various storage coefficient calculations and emphasize the importance of representative aquifer characterization. The observed groundwater storage depletions are due to a combination of factors, which include population growth increasing the demand for water, variable precipitation, and drought influencing recharge, and increased groundwater pumping. The methods applied in this study are transferable to other groundwater systems and provide a framework that can help assess groundwater depletion and inform management decisions at other locations.     

Further Development of a Specific Conductivity Approach to Measure Groundwater Discharge Area within Lakes

Groundwater exchanges with most lakes are rarely quantified because there are many technical challenges to quantification. We investigated a lakebed mapping approach to infer the relative areas of groundwater exchange in 12 prairie shallow lakes and five Laurentian mixed forest shallow lakes in Minnesota, USA in 2011. We used a relatively common approach (seepage meters) to provide baseline information on the magnitude and direction of flow at four locations in each lake. To expand from point measurements to the whole‐lake scale, we explored use of specific conductivity as a cheaper and more time efficient proxy for groundwater discharge to lakes. We validated the approach at near shore stations in each lake where seepage meter measurements and specific conductivity surveys overlapped. Specific conductivity surveys provided a similar assessment of groundwater discharge compared to seepage meters for 50% of the lake‐sampling period combinations. The lakebed mapping approach, when validated for a lake with a limited number of seepage meter (or alternative methods) measurements, offers the advantages of being more time and labor efficient over the use of a similar number of seepage meter monitoring locations; seepage meters (or piezometers, for example) are costlier in terms of equipment and labor, even for single‐lake studies. We show the combined approach could provide useful baselines for understanding and mapping groundwater exchange in shallow lakes.     

京津冀化工场地地下水污染修复治理对策研究

京津冀化工场地地下水污染问题突出,严重威胁当地饮水安全和可持续发展,亟待开展修复治理.针对京津冀化工场地地下水污染现状,分析了化工场地地下水污染修复面临的挑战,提出了分区分级的修复治理对策.结果表明:①针对可能存在NAPL(非水相液体污染物)的高风险污染源区,采取高强度修复措施,以实现污染物总量的快速削减;②针对中度污染区,采取单位能耗强度更低的长效修复措施,降低修复成本和二次污染风险;③针对低风险的轻度污染区,采取风险管控措施.结合对典型化工场地地下水污染修复技术的分析,提出的分区分级修复治理对策具有以下特点:①多技术耦合,形成互补效应,可提高修复效率;②节约修复成本,降低二次环境影响;③体现基于风险的原则,避免过度修复.      

病毒对地下水的入侵风险与防控对策浅析

病毒可能会成为人类未来的“头号公敌”,全球地下水病毒污染事件频繁发生,因此,病毒对地下水的影响和防控逐渐受到国际重视.为进一步了解地下水病毒入侵,通过文献检索调研,分析了病毒进入含水层的途径、在地下水中迁移的限制性因素、在多孔介质中的转化过程,总结了地下水病毒入侵防控相关方法、技术、政策,探讨了风险防范意识有待加强、地下水病毒科学研究存在短板、应急防控与预警能力不足等问题及挑战.参考国内外相关研究成果和实践经验,初步提出地下水病毒入侵风险防控对策建议:①源头排查风险,防患于未然.在地下水饮用水水源地保护区及补给区,排查防疫类污染源渗漏情况,经过化学或高温消毒后再使用农村地下水饮用水、生活用水.②加强地下水饮用水水源地病毒调查研究.研究病毒在土壤及地下水中的存活能力、迁移转化机制、环境行为特征、模拟预测技术、健康风险评价方法,制定相关规范、指南.③筹划应急防控对策.做好地下水应急监测预警、饮用水消毒处理、环境质量信息公开等相关准备工作,制定地下水饮用水水源地病毒应急防控预案.      

长江上游典型山地农业小流域浅层地下水硝态氮时空变异特征及影响因素

长江上游山区以浅层地下水作为主要供水水源,但其极易受到农业生产等活动所导致的硝态氮（NO₃^--N）污染.本文选取长江上游典型山区农业小流域作为研究对象,对土地利用与管理强度和水文地质条件等进行了野外调查,阐明其浅层地下水NO₃^--N时空变异特征并分析其影响因素.结果表明,研究小流域地下水中NO₃^--N质量浓度变化范围为0.40~12.51 mg ·L^-1,超标率近30%.受降雨和管理强度影响,丰水期降雨量和施肥量增加,土壤中氮素在降雨驱动下淋溶流失进入浅层地下水,呈现出丰水期NO₃^--N质量浓度（6.73 mg ·L^-1）高于枯水期NO₃^--N质量浓度（6.28 mg ·L^-1）的时间变异特征.在空间上,小流域地下水中NO₃^--N质量浓度呈现坡耕地和居民区集中分布的截留和大兴子流域中地下水NO₃^--N质量浓度（截留子流域：6.58mg ·L^-1;大兴子流域：6.34 mg ·L^-1）高于苏荣子流域（5.20 mg ·L^-1）的特征,主要由不同子流域地下水埋深和土地利用类型的空间分异特征导致.此外,浅层地下水NO₃^--N质量浓度与Cl^-、NH₄⁺-N、DOC和SO₄^2-质量浓度呈正相关,而与pH值呈负相关,表明地下水化学因子亦是其不可忽略的影响因素.因此,加强山地农业小流域浅层地下水NO₃^--N时空变异特征及其影响因素研究对防控山区农村浅层地下水硝态氮污染和保障饮用水安全十分必要.     

基于多环境介质氮素和同位素的滦平盆地地下水硝酸盐来源示踪

选择密云水库上游承德市滦平盆地为研究区,通过不同土地利用类型地下水"三氮"含量、土壤全氮含量和包气带可溶硝态氮含量,结合水体硝酸盐氮氧双同位素、硫酸盐硫氧双同位素多种环境同位素特征和地下水放射性碳同位素测年示踪硝酸盐来源.结果表明,滦平盆地水体氮形态以硝态氮为主,地下水NO₃^-质量浓度与居民用地、旱地土地利用类型显著相关,硝酸盐污染主要集中于居民建设用地和农用地区域浅层地下水中.13.79%地下水样品NO₃^-质量浓度超过国标（GB/T 14848-2017）地下水硝酸盐限值Ⅲ类标准,超标范围为1.04~3.86倍;37.93%地下水样品NO₃^-质量浓度超WHO饮用水硝酸盐浓度限值,超标范围为1.08~6.83倍.地下水NO₃^-质量浓度、土壤全氮和浅层土壤可溶硝态氮空间变异受结构性因素和人为因素共同作用影响.地下水硝酸盐来源主要为家畜粪尿和生活污水混合污染,其次为化学肥料淋滤;盆地山前地下水径流区包气带-地下水氮循环主导过程为硝化作用.以盆地系统作为独立单元研究水环境硝酸盐污染来源和归趋规律,对流域整体地下水污染防治和修复具有重要意义.     

垃圾填埋场地下水溶解性有机物光谱特征

垃圾填埋为我国垃圾处理的最主要途径,填埋过程中渗滤液的泄漏将导致附近地下水污染.地下水中溶解性有机物(DOM)能示踪外来污染物的来源、形态和迁移转化过程,其组成、结构和分布的差异具有重要的环境指示意义.联合现代光谱技术及多元统计分析方法,研究了不同运行年限填埋场地下水中DOM来源、组成和分子结构特征,探究了不同年限地下水DOM动力学演化规律.结果表明,填埋场地下水DOM以微生物来源为主,其次为自生陆源.填埋前期阶段其微生物来源DOM较多,而在填埋后期微生物来源DOM减弱.填埋年限较短的填埋场地下水DOM主要为一些新生成腐殖化程度较低的易降解类色氨酸和类酪氨酸,其促进微生物活性,且各点位差异性较大,应提高预警措施.填埋时间相对较长的填埋场地下水有机质腐殖化率高,难降解的大分子物质累积,微生物活性减弱,填埋垃圾趋向稳定对地下水影响减弱.