Influence of temporally variable groundwater flow conditions on point measurements and contaminant mass flux estimations

Monitoring of contaminant concentrations, e.g., for the estimation of mass discharge or contaminant degradation rates, often is based on point measurements at observation wells. In addition to the problem, that point measurements may not be spatially representative, a further complication may arise due to the temporal dynamics of groundwater flow, which may cause a concentration measurement to be not temporally representative. This paper presents results from a numerical modeling study focusing on temporal variations of the groundwater flow direction. “Measurements” are obtained from point information representing observation wells installed along control planes using different well frequencies and configurations. Results of the scenario simulations show that temporally variable flow conditions can lead to significant temporal fluctuations of the concentration and thus are a substantial source of uncertainty for point measurements. Temporal variation of point concentration measurements may be as high as the average concentration determined, especially near the plume fringe, even when assuming a homogeneous distribution of the hydraulic conductivity. If a heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity field is present, the concentration variability due to a fluctuating groundwater flow direction varies significantly within the control plane and between the different realizations. Determination of contaminant mass fluxes is also influenced by the temporal variability of the concentration measurement, especially for large spacings of the observation wells. Passive dosimeter sampling is found to be appropriate for evaluating the stationarity of contaminant plumes as well as for estimating average concentrations over time when the plume has fully developed. Representative sampling has to be performed over several periods of groundwater flow fluctuation. For the determination of mass fluxes at heterogeneous sites, however, local fluxes, which may vary considerably along a control plane, have to be accounted for. Here, dosimeter sampling in combination with time integrated local water flux measurements can improve mass flux estimates under dynamic flow conditions.     

地下水位下降对塔里木河下游绿洲生态环境的影响——以34团为例

塔里木河地处我国西北干旱区,是我国最长的内陆河。过去50a来由于大规模的不合理的水土资源开发和人类活动,导致塔里木河在以水资源开发利用为核心的大强度人类经济、社会活动的作用下,流域自然生态过程发生了显著变化。分析了塔里木河下游地下水位下降对绿洲农业生态环境的影响,提出了保障该地区生态和经济发展的对策与建议。     

零价铁-反硝化菌在地下水硝酸盐污染修复中的应用

综述了应用零价铁-反硝化菌复合体系去除地下水中硝酸盐氮污染的研究进展.脱氮技术主要包括物理化学法、化学还原法和生物反硝化法,但单独使用任何一种方法都无法得到令人满意的处理效果.以零价铁在水中厌氧腐蚀所释放的氯气供给微生物进行反硝化,可以同时解决这两种技术单独使用时所存在的弊端.在此复合体系中,主要反应包括产氨、析氢和反硝化,降低脱氮产物中的氨氮比例就要减少产氨反应的发生几率.此外,使用纳米铁代替零价铁和反硝化细菌复合,可以大大提高脱氮反应速率.然而,该技术的研究在国内外尚处于起步阶段,在反应机理、产物控制、条件优化等方面都存在不足,还需要深入研究.     

基于高通量测序的工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构比较研究

为探究工业园区地下水和土壤细菌群落结构、多样性变化特征,采用高通量测序技术对地下水和土壤细菌16S r RNA基因高变区域进行序列测定。通过对Alpha多样性、物种组成、丰度和群落结构的分析,比较地下水和土壤细菌群落结构的异同。Alpha多样性的比较结果表明,土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度明显高于地下水,地下水细菌群落多样性指数反映出地下水已受到周边污染源的影响。物种注释结果表明,地下水样品共检出48个细菌门,土壤样品共检出50个细菌门。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是地下水细菌群落的优势类群,共占93.54%,且该工业园区地下水细菌群落呈现出典型的淡水种群特征;土壤中优势细菌门为Proteobacteria、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、Firmicutes和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes),共占85.21%。由于地下水和土壤两者的生态系统和理化环境的差异,致使Actinobacteria、Acidobacteria、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)和Gemmatimonadetes占比在地下水和土壤细菌群落间差异显著,同时使地下水和土壤细菌群落各含有一些特有的优势细菌属(地下水2个,土壤4个)。基于高通量测序技术对工业园区样品的测序结果可以为地下水和土壤环境的生态评价提供方法依据。     

蔬菜常用农药在地下水中残留风险评估

为明确蔬菜常用农药在地下水中的环境风险,运用China-Pearl和SCI-GROW模型开展地下水环境暴露评估,并根据我国成人和儿童暴露参数推导25种农药预测无效应浓度(PNEC)。研究发现,25种农药PECgw为0~18.340μg·L-1,成年人PNECgw为0.003~19.654 mg·L-1,儿童PNECgw为0.001~23.253 mg·L-1。成年人和儿童的RQgw值均小于1,表明25种农药按照登记用量使用,我国成人和各年龄阶段儿童直接饮用施用农药区域地下水的环境风险可接受。     

System Dynamics to Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer Under Water Supply Uncertainty1

Abstract: Water supply uncertainty continues to threaten the reliability of regional water resources in the western United States. Climate variability and water dispute potentials induce water managers to develop proactive adaptive management strategies to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts. The Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer in the state of Idaho is also facing these challenges in the sense that population growth and economic development strongly depend on reliable water resources from underground storage. Drought and subsequent water conflict often drive scientific research and political agendas because water resources availability and aquifer management for a sustainable rural economy are of great interest. In this study, a system dynamics approach is applied to address dynamically complex problems with management of the aquifer and associated surface‐water and groundwater interactions. Recharge and discharge dynamics within the aquifer system are coded in an environmental modeling framework to identify long‐term behavior of aquifer responses to uncertain future hydrological variability. The research shows that the system dynamics approach is a promising modeling tool to develop sustainable water resources planning and management in a collaborative decision‐making framework and also to provide useful insights and alternative opportunities for operational management, policy support, and participatory strategic planning to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts in human dimensions.     

原位热处理技术修复重质非水相液体污染场地研究进展

重质非水相液体(DNAPLs)是土壤及地下水中广泛存在的有机污染物,原位热处理技术是目前修复受DNAPLs污染土壤及地下水的最具潜力的技术之一。综述了国内外常用原位热处理技术的基本原理及其影响因素,介绍了相关现场应用实例,并展望了该技术未来的应用前景和发展趋势,以期为中国污染土壤及地下水的原位修复提供有益借鉴。     

强化土著微生物处理硝基苯和苯胺污染地下水

以硝基苯、苯胺为主要污染物的污染地下水为研究对象,加入激活剂(乳糖、Na2HPO4、乳糖+Na2HPO4、乙醇、牛肉膏、蛋白胨)激活土著微生物,并考察其对土著微生物生长及硝基苯、苯胺降解效果的影响。加入激活剂3d后测各个水样的脱氢酶活性,对培养9d后的水样进行气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析。结果表明,加入乳糖的水样中,其微生物相对增长率达157.2%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为14.90%和0.79%;加入Na2HPO4和乙醇的水样中,其微生物增长和硝基苯、苯胺降解情况均没有明显变化;加入乳糖+Na2HPO4的水样中,微生物相对增长率达180.3%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为24.20%和1.21%;加入牛肉膏的水样中,微生物的相对增长率为830.7%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为99.99%和99.67%;加入蛋白胨的水样中,其微生物相对增长率为686.0%,硝基苯、苯胺的相对去除率分别为99.33%和58.94%。GC/MS分析结果表明,加入激活剂后对氯苯胺、1-甲基-4-硝基苯等其他有机物的降解率均有提高。由此可见,通过激活土著微生物修复有机物污染地下水是可行的。     

零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中的硝基苯

通过间歇式实验,考察了零价铁与厌氧微生物协同还原地下水中硝基苯的效果。实验结果表明,由零价铁腐蚀为厌氧微生物提供H2电子供体还原硝基苯的效果明显优于零价铁和微生物单独作用,硝基苯去除率分别提高21.8%和57.0%。弱酸性条件有利于协同反应进行,当初始pH为5.0和6.0时,4 d后硝基苯去除率比初始pH为7.0时的提高74.4%和35.2%。增加零价铁投加量可提高协同还原的效果,零价铁最佳投加量为250 mg/L。零价铁腐蚀产生的Fe2+无法作为电子供体被微生物利用,但可作为无机营养元素促进协同过程。由于零价铁产H2速率受表面覆盖物影响不明显,在地下水修复过程中可保证协同效果并延长零价铁的使用寿命。