北极沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌与生物地球化学要素的相关分析

对北极楚科奇海、白令海测区34个沉积物样品的硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)含量与CaCO3、Si、S、P、Cd、Fe、Ti、Pb、Hg等地球化学要素作了相关分析．同时分析了SRB与其所在沉积物粒度与底层水温间的关系．结果表明：SRB与Si、砂及底层水温为正相关；SRB与CaCO3、Fe、Ti、P、Pb、Hg、粉砂、粘土为负相关；而SRB与Cd、S的相关性因海区不同而不同．既有负相关．也有正相关．分析了这些相关状况及其原因．     

Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media: 4. Impact of microbial lag and bacterial cell growth

Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to examine the impact of microbial lag and bacterial cell growth on the transport of salicylate, a model hydrocarbon compound. The impacts of these processes were examined separately, as well as jointly, to determine their relative effects on biodegradation dynamics. For each experiment, a column was packed with porous medium that was first inoculated with bacteria that contained the NAH plasmid encoding genes for the degradation of naphthalene and salicylate, and then subjected to a step input of salicylate solution. The transport behavior of salicylate was non-steady for all cases examined, and was clearly influenced by a delay (lag) in the onset of biodegradation. This microbial lag, which was consistent with the results of batch experiments, is attributed to the induction and synthesis of the enzymes required for biodegradation of salicylate. The effect of microbial lag on salicylate transport was eliminated by exposing the column to two successive pulses of salicylate, thereby allowing the cells to acclimate to the carbon source during the first pulse. Elimination of microbial lag effects allowed the impact of bacterial growth on salicylate transport to be quantified, which was accomplished by determining a cell mass balance. Conversely, the impact of microbial lag was further investigated by performing a similar double-pulse experiment under no-growth conditions. Significant cell elution was observed and quantified for all conditions/systems. The results of these experiments allowed us to differentiate the effects associated with microbial lag and growth, two coupled processes whose impacts on the biodegradation and transport of contaminants can be difficult to distinguish.     

Bioremediation of kerosene I: A case study in liquid media

The ability of different local isolates in addition to some isolates from Germany to degrade kerosene in liquid medium was studied. The results showed that the percent of kerosene degradation varied among the different organisms and that 59–94% of kerosene was degraded after 21 d. Two local isolates (Pseudomonas sp. AP and Pseudomonas sp. CK) and one German isolate (Gordonia sp. DM) were selected for this study. The addition of wheat bran, as co-substrate, stimulated the kerosene degradation by the two local strains, while glucose inhibited the degradation rate using the three organisms with different rates. Ammonium nitrate and urea was the best nitrogen sources. The use of superphosphate (as phosphorus source) in the presence of urea stimulates the degradation rate. It was also observed that the addition of 1% surfactants, like Triton X-100, Igepal, Tergitol, or Tween 20 and 80 enhanced the kerosene degradation. The degradation percent lied between 94% and 98%. The ability of the tested organisms to degrade kerosene concentration from 2% to 8% was evaluated. It was found that the three organisms degraded about 65–85% from 8% kerosene after 21 d. The use of rice straw-immobilized cells reduced the time of degradation and enhanced the degradation ability of the organisms. The sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a common protein band when the tested organisms were grown on kerosene.     

优势除藻菌净化富营养化城市景观湖水初探

通过实验室小试和现场投加的方式 ,研究了优势除藻菌群对城市景观富营养化湖水中污染物的净化作用。结果证明 ,采用投加优势除藻菌的方法 ,能够有效地降低湖水中的叶绿素a(Chl.-a)和浊度 ,提高水体溶解氧 ,减少臭味 ,改善水质     

Experimental evaluation of the possibility of ignition and flame propagation in accumulated difluoromethane (R32) from a kerosene cigarette lighter

The possibility of ignition and flame propagation in accumulated difluoromethane (CH₂F₂, R32) was examined experimentally, simulating a situation in which a service operative uses a kerosene lighter for smoking. To simulate the situation where a kerosene cigarette lighter is used in accumulated R32, electrodes fixed in the windbreak of the lighter were remotely supplied with electricity to generate sparks of various durations but of similar energies to those of actual sparks generated by rubbing a flint to ignite the fuel in the lighter. We identified several cases of ignition and formation of an open flame in the windbreak of the lighter, and the flame propagated to the accumulated R32 when it was supplied with sufficient energy from the spark. Gas chromatographic analyses confirmed that the mixture in the windbreak of the kerosene lighter consisted mainly of vaporized fuel and air, with no R32. Therefore, even if the lighter is located in accumulated R32, an open flame can be generated in the windbreak of the kerosene cigarette lighter through ignition by the spark energy generated by friction between the flint and the flint wheel. Our results confirmed that there is a real possibility of ignition and flame propagation when a kerosene cigarette lighter is used in accumulated R32 under the leak rate conditions of the present experiment.     

辽宁某冶炼厂重金属污染对土壤中微生物的有效性影响

对某铜锌冶炼厂周边土壤微生物区系和土壤抗性细菌数进行了实验分析。结果表明,在冶炼厂周边土壤几种重金属含量与对照区土壤相比明显的增加。冶炼厂周边土壤中,土壤微生物的总数下降,土壤微生物各主要生理类群数量明显减少。抗性实验结果表明:由于土壤长期受重金属污染影响,土壤中细菌抗重金属水平提高,耐性菌种多。     

上海电厂FGD产物循环利用的可行性分析

按照上海市第三轮环保三年行动计划的要求,未来3年,上海电厂烟气脱硫规模已经确定,650.8×10~4kW 装机容量.35台燃煤机组在3年中,将先后安装湿法烟气脱硫装置,届时可减少约(16～20)×10~4t/a的 S0_2排放量,将产生约(54～72)×10~4t 的脱硫石膏。文章分析了上海市电厂烟气脱硫产物在生产石膏、水泥中循环利用的可行性,对上海市未来3年中脱硫产物的循环利用,进行了经济分析,按上海市目前 SO_2排污费0.63元/kg计,若煤含硫量以0.8%、1%计算,预计每年可节省 SO_2排污费用约1.02、1.28亿元:电厂脱硫石膏销售将获得约2160～2880万元/a;上海石膏板或水泥企业利用(54～72)×10~4t/a 的脱硫石膏,可使企业的原料购买成本节约3250～3650万元/a;提出了促进上海市电厂脱硫及其产物应用的建议。     

造纸用水中菌尘的控制探讨

分析了民丰造纸厂生产用水中存在菌尘的问题 ,认为水源污染、水温和浊度等因素是处理水菌类大量生长的原因。通过试验和实验运行 ,提出降低出水浊度和采用混合杀菌剂的解决办法 ,获得了很好的效果。     

含油废水处理过程中优势菌群的筛选

研究了用生物法处理含油废水的微生物净化效能，对整个处理装置的各反应池中的降解菌群进行了筛选。共分离出45株菌，分别属于14个属。并测定出芽孢杆菌在曝气池、二沉法和排水口三处占优势。     

Three common metal contaminants of urban runoff (Zn, Cu & Pb) accumulate in freshwater biofilm and modify embedded bacterial communities

We investigated the absorption rates of zinc, copper and lead in freshwater biofilm and assessed whether biofilm bacterial populations are affected by exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these metals in flow chamber microcosms. Metals were rapidly accumulated by the biofilm and then retained for at least 14 days after transfer to uncontaminated water. Changes in bacterial populations were assessed by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries. Significant differences in bacterial community structure occurred within only three days of exposure to metals and remained detectable at least 14 days after transfer to uncontaminated water. The rapid uptake of stormwater-associated metals and their retention in the biofilm highlight the potential role of biofilms in the transfer of metals to organisms at higher trophic levels. The sensitivity of stream biofilm bacterial populations to metal exposure supports their use as an indicator of stream ecological health.