From the ground up: holistic management and grassroots rural adaptation to bovine spongiform encephalopathy across western Canada

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has been documented in 28 countries and adversely affected farmers and rural communities around the world. Our study examines the impacts of and adaptive responses of producers to BSE in western Canada. Moreover, it explores the role that holistic management (HM), and its combined focus on environmental, social, and economic sustainability, might play in mitigating the effects of BSE. One survey was sent to 835 HM producers and another to 9,740 producers across Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. The disease, and concomitant climate change and low commodity prices, had devastating impacts on both groups. Yet, HM producers were much more optimistic about their ability to adapt to BSE and the future of agriculture than their non-HM counterparts. Social networks, namely HM clubs and the larger HM community, enabled these producers to mitigate the impacts of BSE. Agronomic responses, especially those associated with rotational grazing and increases in on-farm biodiversity were also important. That HM has been such an effective adaptive response to BSE indicates the importance of this and other grassroots responses to rural crises, whether they be associated with zoonotic diseases or indeed environmental change as a whole.     

尖孢镰刀菌致病相关因子及其分子生物学研究进展

由致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)侵染引起的植物枯萎病是一种世界性的土传真菌病害,对农业生产造成了巨大经济损失.研究表明,尖孢镰刀菌的致病与多种致病因子相关,包括信号传导系统(环腺苷酸单磷酸-蛋白激酶A和促分裂素原活化蛋白激酶信号途径)、细胞壁降解酶(木聚糖酶、果胶酶、果胶裂解酶、细胞毒素、纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和木质素降解酶等)、克服植物防御响应系统(降解抗真菌化合物和破坏植物细胞壁的化学修饰)以及其它(细胞毒素和过氧化物酶)等.此外对今后的研究工作提出展望.参26     

代谢组学方法在生态毒理学中的应用进展

代谢组学方法越来越多地用于研究有机体与生态环境的相互作用。近年来,该方法已被应用于化学物风险评价和野生动物的疾病诊断,成为环境科学,特别是生态毒理学中充满活力的研究方向之一。本文介绍了应用于代谢组学研究的核磁共振波谱和质谱2种检测技术,着重讨论了生态毒理学研究中代谢组学方法在生物标志物的发掘和毒性评价,以及有机体对环境影响因子的代谢响应、野生水生动物疾病的诊断和监测等方面的应用。这些代谢组学在生态毒理学领域的应用将促进对有机体与环境相互作用的认识。     

Nature and COVID-19: The pandemic,the environment,and the way ahead

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought profound social, political, economic, and environmental challenges to the world. The virus may have emerged from wildlife reservoirs linked to environmental disruption, was transmitted to humans via the wildlife trade, and its spread was facilitated by economic globalization. The pandemic arrived at a time when wildfires, high temperatures, floods, and storms amplified human suffering. These challenges call for a powerful response to COVID-19 that addresses social and economic development, climate change, and biodiversity together, offering an opportunity to bring transformational change to the structure and functioning of the global economy. This biodefense can include a “One Health” approach in all relevant sectors; a greener approach to agriculture that minimizes greenhouse gas emissions and leads to healthier diets; sustainable forms of energy; more effective international environmental agreements; post-COVID development that is equitable and sustainable; and nature-compatible international trade. Restoring and enhancing protected areas as part of devoting 50% of the planet’s land to environmentally sound management that conserves biodiversity would also support adaptation to climate change and limit human contact with zoonotic pathogens. The essential links between human health and well-being, biodiversity, and climate change could inspire a new generation of innovators to provide green solutions to enable humans to live in a healthy balance with nature leading to a long-term resilient future.     

面向疫情危机的城市公共卫生系统韧性

为有效应对城市公共卫生危机,公共卫生系统韧性至关重要。以武汉新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情防控成功经验为例,运用扎根理论分析政府、社区、医疗机构、媒体、非政府组织在COVID-19疫情防控中的观念与行为,解析出反映系统韧性特征的疾病监测体系、防疫资源管理、合作治理能力等10个主范畴及对应的52个子范畴,由此将系统韧性细分为功能韧性、过程韧性和整体韧性。运用解释结构模型(ISM)构建提升公共卫生系统韧性的层次结构模型,揭示多元社会主体通过前述韧性要素集合:社会防疫基础、防疫科技与文化、疫情风险综合治理的层级递进应急准备,实现城市公共卫生系统韧性提升目标。     

The Case of Sarno River (Southern Italy). Effects of geomorphology on the environmental impacts (8 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Analysis of the morphological, geological and environmental characteristics of the Sarno River basin has shown the present degraded condition of the area. Over the past thirty years, the supply of untreated effluent of domestic, agricultural and industrial origin has ensured the presence of high concentrations of pollutants, including heavy metals. The geological context of the catchment area has played a major part in determining the current ecological conditions and public health problems: while human activity has modified the landscape, the natural order has indirectly contributed to increasing the environmental impact. Results and Discussion The health situation is precarious as the basin's inhabitants feed on agricultural and animal products, and use polluted water directly or indirectly. The hazard of contracting degenerative illnesses of the digestive or respiratory apparatus, bacterial infections or some neoplasia has gradually increased, especially in the last five years. Moreover, polluted basin waters flowing into the Bay of Naples increase sea water contamination, thereby damaging tourism, public health and degrading the local littoral quality. Conclusion The overview presented shows how the environmental state of the Sarno River basin gives considerable cause for concern. The basin's complex geomorphologic setting has a direct bearing on local environmental and health conditions. The analysis of the available data demonstrates how the physical aspects of the area are closely linked to the diffusion and concentration of the pollutants, and how the latter ones have a large influence on the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the local population. Recommendation and Perspective Specific interventions need to be undertaken to monitor and improve the chemical, physical and microbiological conditions of water and sediments, especially in light of the geomorphological vulnerability of the river basin.     

沙尘天气对呼吸系统疾病日入院人数影响的时间序列研究(1995～2003年)

为了探讨沙尘天气,特别是沙尘暴对人群呼吸系统健康的影响,对过去9年(1995～2003)沙尘暴高发地区甘肃省武威市的6所大中型医院沙尘天气高发季节(3月1日～5月31日)每日呼吸系统疾病入院人数进行了调查.采用半参数广义相加模型(Semi-parametric generalized additivemodel,GAM),在控制了长期趋势、日历效应(calendar effect)以及气象因子等混杂因素后,考虑到具体年份的差异,分别对每年建立GAM回归模型(滞后7d)并进行分析.然后应用Meta-分析方法的固定效应模型对各年GAM分析结果(即相对危险度RR)进行效应量合并,计算合并效应量(RR ),以此表示沙尘天气对呼吸系统疾病日入院人数的综合影响.结果表明:(1)对于沙尘暴的影响,各年呼吸系统疾病日入院相对危险度(RR)合并效应量(RR )随沙尘暴滞后天数的不同而不同,且在滞后3、4、5 d时每天的RR 均有统计学意义,其RR 分别为1.40(95%CI为1.06～1.86)、1.34(95%CI为1.01～1.77)、1.73(95%CI为1.35～2.23);(2)扬沙天气在其滞后第6天RR 有统计学意义(RR 为1.14(95%CI为1.01～1.30);(3)浮尘天气与扬沙天气类似,也在其滞后第6天RR 有统计学意义,其RR 为1.12(95%CI为1.00～1.25).(4)沙尘天气对人群健康的影响,可根据滞后不同天的RR 值变化,分为滞后早期效应、滞后中期效应和滞后后期效应三类;(5)沙尘天气引发和加重的呼吸系统疾病主要为各种肺炎、上呼吸道感染和感冒以及急、慢性支气管炎.这些结果表明,呼吸系统日入院人数沙尘天气,特别是沙尘暴与有关联系,且均表现为滞后效应,而且沙尘暴的影响强度大于扬沙天气或浮尘天气的影响.     

农作物病虫害气象环境成因研究进展

简要概述了近年来农作物病虫害气象环境成因研究方面的最新进展,包括农作物病虫害发生流行的气候背景指示及其影响机制、与气象条件的关系和气候变化对病虫害发生流行的可能影响等.结果表明:海温、厄尔尼诺事件、大气环流等大尺度因子对病虫害的发生流行具有明显的前兆性指示;温度、湿度、降雨、风、光照等气象要素,对促进或抑制某种病虫害的发生、发展、流行及其危害程度都可能产生显著的影响;气候变化可能造成病虫害危害的地理范围扩大,程度加剧.     

富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展

根据国外最新文献,综述了富营养化对珊瑚礁生态系统影响的研究进展情况,这些进展主要包括:(1)对珊瑚生长及其共生虫黄藻的影响(如对珊瑚钙化作用、组织生长、虫黄藻的密度及其光合作用等的影响);(2)对珊瑚繁殖和补充的影响(包括对珊瑚的生育、受精、胚胎和幼虫的发展及其幼虫的附着等的影响);(3)对珊瑚疾病的影响(如对白化现象、疾病的易感性和病菌的适应性等的影响);(4)对珊瑚礁生态系统群落结构演替的影响(如刺激造礁藻的生长或者促进珊瑚礁不常见的营养性藻类变成优势种)。同时指出了一些该领域未来研究的重点,包括(1)珊瑚共生系对富营养化的长期性响应机制;(2)结合同位素技术和叶绿素荧光技术研究外部富营养化对珊瑚共生系碳、氮循环的影响;(3)富营养化对珊瑚繁殖和补充不同阶段的影响机制;(4)加强珊瑚病毒细菌的种类、结构研究,从基因这个微观的角度来研究富营养化对珊瑚疾病的影响机制;(5)富营养化与草食动物对珊瑚礁群落结构产生的耦合效应研究;(6)指示珊瑚礁生态系统富营养化的生物化学指标研究等。     

环境硒及其复合因子与大骨节病

本文通过对大骨节病病区低硒环境和病区发样品的重复采样和多元素含量的测定及其与大骨节病病情的相关分析,探讨了大骨节病的致病因素。研究表明,环境低硒是大骨节病发生的重要因素之一。人发硒与大骨节病检出率密切相关,且由永寿大骨节病考察队流行病学组和生态环境组调查数据得到了相同的结论。本文还探讨了除低硒外,其它与硒有关、可能与之结合致病的因素。