Knowledge for environmental governance: probing science–policy theory in the cases of eutrophication and fisheries in the Baltic Sea

How science and policy interact has been a major research focus in the International Relations (IR) tradition, using the epistemic community (EC) concept, as well as in the alternative perspective of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Should science be autonomous and as apolitical as possible in order to ‘speak truth to power’, as suggested by EC or should the inevitable entanglement of science and politics be accepted and embraced so as to make advice more conducive to negotiating the explicit travails of political decision-making as suggested by STS? With this point of departure, we compare similarities and differences between science–policy interactions in the issue areas of eutrophication and fisheries management of the Baltic Sea. To examine how knowledge is mobilised, the concepts of ‘uncertainty’ and ‘coherence’ are developed, drawing on both EC and STS thinking. We then reflect on the explanatory value of these approaches in both cases and discuss how a separation of science and policy-making in the pursuit of achieving scientific consensus leads to ineffectual policies. Drawing on STS thinking, we urge for a re-conceptualisation of coherence in order to accommodate a more reflexive practice of science–policy interactions.     

土壤气相抽提(SVE)技术研究进展

土壤气相抽提(SVE)是石油类土壤及地下水污染修复工程中广泛采用的原位治理技术。本文主要介绍了SVE技术的影响因素、系统设计、运行机理以及现场监测,阐述了SVE技术及其理论进展。最后展望了该技术的应用前景。     

四氯化碳规模化转化技术的选择与评价

四氯化碳作为氟里昂的生产原料和一种破坏臭氧层物质面临淘汰。本文简要介绍了我国目前四氯化碳的生产和消费现状、四氯化碳的危害以及四氯化碳的各种转化技术,并对四氯化碳转化为一氯甲烷技术进行了经济和社会效益评价。结果表明,该转化技术具有显著的经济效益和社会效益,符合循环经济理念,具有工业推广价值。     

我国土壤环境质量监测技术路线研究

土壤环境质量监测技术路线根据"十二五"主要任务目标,设计了土壤环境监测国家、省、地(市)三级网络构架和以县级采样、地(市)级分析、省级质控、国家发布的网络运行模式,明确了每年监测一类重点区、5年完成一个监测周期的全国总报告,确立了以基本农田、蔬菜和果树基地、饮用水源地、重污染企业周边、规模化养殖场周边等为重点区域的约2.5万个国控采样点;对土壤重金属和有机污染物的分析测试与评价方法进行了优化筛选,制定了质控措施,对深入开展土壤环境质量例行监测具有重要意义。     

创新监测科研管理 推进环境监测发展

简述了江苏省环境监测中心在科研管理方面的经验和体会。提出了以科研推动监测事业发展的指导思想,在科研管理工作中不断采取有效措施,调动、激励科技人员的积极性,环境监测科研技术已形成一定的规模,一批实用型科研成果的应用,全面提升了监测科研水平,为江苏省环境质量的改善提供了有力的技术支持。     

工业酸洗含铁废盐酸的资源化处理工艺

工业上广泛使用盐酸作为钢材酸洗介质,会产生相当多的含铁废盐酸,废液如果直接排放会严重污染环境,而且造成资源浪费。本文介绍的技术将所得的废酸通过浓缩精馏、酸化制得HCl气体、再吸收成盐酸以及酸化制备母液的再处理,不产生二次污染且零排放,从而实现了工业酸洗含铁废盐酸的资源化处理。废酸中Cl-的回收率达到85%,得到的工业精制盐酸浓度达34%,同时副产氧化铁红和磷肥。目前该技术已通过中试并经过了有关技术鉴定。实践证明,该技术用于含铁废盐酸的处理,可带来明显的经济效益,且环境友好,是目前代替中和法处理含铁废盐酸较为理想的方法,是一项实用的资源化综合利用绿色技术。     

Design of an institutional decision-making process: the case of urban water management

Urban water infrastructure expenditures cause a major financial burden to municipalities. In the opinion of many policy-makers, public funds may alleviate this burden and facilitate environmental policies. However, practice has shown that despite ambitious policies, funding often follows traditional cost-dominated thinking. In Austria, national policy-makers were interested in new guidelines for funding that increase the transparency of the planning, ensure the adequate treatment of ecological problems, and foster stakeholder involvement, but keep the process as simple as possible, and require minimal changes of the current guidelines. An interdisciplinary project team conducted such a study. Its outcome was tested in two pilot projects. Based on these experiences, policy-makers finally implemented the recommended guidelines for the funding of communal urban water infrastructure projects. A general observation about the policy-making process was a conservative attitude of policy-makers. They prefer simple constraints (precautionary principle) and flexible negotiations (delegation) to complex assessment and decision-aid methodologies.     

基于岗位(群)的高职《森林培育技术》课程内容改革探索

林业是生态建设的主力军,是生态保护的重要载体。《森林培育技术》教学内容不能满足社会的需求,跟不上时代发展的需要,迫切需要改革。以就业导向等为原则,采取优化课程内容,突出实用性等措施,对高职生态环境保护专业的骨干课程《森林培育技术》的教学内容、教学方法、考试方法进行改革探索。     

关于重点排污单位名录制定和使用过程中存在的问题及建议

2017年11月,原环境保护部办公厅发布《关于印发重点排污单位名录管理规定(试行)的通知》,对重点排污单位的基本管理要求和筛选条件作出了详细规定。重点排污单位是国家重点监控企业的替代和延续,成为当前排污许可制度尚未完全成熟阶段环境管理的重要抓手。重点排污单位名录聚焦影响环境质量的主要污染物、排污大户和重大风险源,由设区的市级地方人民政府生态环境主管部门确定,有利于压实地方环保责任。在名录制定和使用过程中存在着部分指导性文件存疑、名录重点不突出、部分重点排污单位无法安装自动监测设备、不能满足新的环境监管需求、名录更新时间滞后、缺少罚则等问题,本文就此进行了深入分析并提出了几点建议。     

Effect of potential HONO sources on peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formation in eastern China in winter

As an important secondary photochemical pollutant, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) has been studied over decades, yet its simulations usually underestimate the corresponding observations, especially in polluted areas. Recent observations in north China found unusually high concentrations of PAN during wintertime heavy haze events, but the current model still cannot reproduce the observations, and researchers speculated that nitrous acid (HONO) played a key role in PAN formation. For the first time we systematically assessed the impact of potential HONO sources on PAN formation mechanisms in eastern China using the Weather Research and Forecasting/Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model in February of 2017. The results showed that the potential HONO sources significantly improved the PAN simulations, remarkably accelerated the RO_x (sum of hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, and organic peroxy radicals) cycles, and resulted in 80%–150% enhancements of PAN near the ground in the coastal areas of eastern China and 10%–50% enhancements in the areas around 35–40°N within 3 km during a heavy haze period. The direct precursors of PAN were aldehyde and methylglyoxal, and the primary precursors of PAN were alkenes with C > 3, xylenes, propene and toluene. The above results suggest that the potential HONO sources should be considered in regional and global chemical transport models when conducting PAN studies.