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91.
National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Understanding Uncertainties versus Potential for Improving Reliability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W. Winiwarter 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(4-5):443-450
We investigated the Austrian national greenhouse gas emission inventory to review the reliability and usability of such inventories.
The overall uncertainty of the inventory (95% confidence interval) is just over 10% of total emissions, with nitrous oxide
(N2O) from soils clearly providing the largest impact. Trend uncertainty – the difference between 2 years – is only about five
percentage points, as important sources like soil N2O are not expected to show different behavior between the years and thus exhibit a high covariance. The result is very typical
for industrialized countries – subjective decisions by individuals during uncertainty assessment are responsible for most
of the discrepancies among countries. Thus, uncertainty assessment cannot help to evaluate whether emission targets have been
met. Instead, a more rigid emission accounting system that allows little individual flexibility is proposed to provide harmonized
evaluation uninfluenced by the respective targets. Such an accounting system may increase uncertainty in terms of greenhouse
gas fluxes to the atmosphere. More importantly, however, it will decrease uncertainty in intercountry comparisons and thus
allow for fair burden sharing. Setting of post-Kyoto emission targets will require the independent evaluation of achievements.
This can partly be achieved by the validation of emission inventories and thorough uncertainty assessment. 相似文献
92.
Philip M. Fearnside 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(6):557-567
Amazonian forest reserves have significant carbon benefits, but the methodology used for accounting for these benefits will
be critical in determining whether the powerful economic force represented by mitigation efforts to slow global warming will
be applied to creating these reserves. Opportunities for reserve creation are quickly being lost as new areas are opened to
deforestation though highway construction and other developments. Leakage, or the effects that a reserve or other mitigation
project provokes outside of the project boundaries, is critical to a proper accounting of net carbon benefits. Protected areas
in the Amazon have particularly great potential mitigation benefits over an extended time horizon. Over a 100-year time frame,
virtually no unprotected forest is likely to remain, meaning that potential leakages (both leakage to the vicinity of the
reserves and that displaced by removing protected areas from the land-grabbing market) should not matter much because any
short-term leakage would be “recovered” eventually. The effect of the value attributed to time greatly influences the impact
of leakage on benefits credited to reserves. Simple assumptions regarding leakage scenarios illustrate the benefits of reserves
and the critical areas where agreement is necessary to make this option a practical component of mitigation efforts. The stakes
are too high to allow further delays in reaching agreement on these issues. 相似文献
93.
The lower troposphere is an excellent receptacle, which integrates anthropogenic greenhouse gases emissions over large areas. Therefore, atmospheric concentration observations over populated regions would provide the ultimate proof if sustained emissions changes have occurred. The most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO(2)), also shows large natural concentration variations, which need to be disentangled from anthropogenic signals to assess changes in associated emissions. This is in principle possible for the fossil fuel CO(2) component (FFCO(2)) by high-precision radiocarbon ((14)C) analyses because FFCO(2) is free of radiocarbon. Long-term observations of (14)CO(2) conducted at two sites in south-western Germany do not yet reveal any significant trends in the regional fossil fuel CO(2) component. We rather observe strong inter-annual variations, which are largely imprinted by changes of atmospheric transport as supported by dedicated transport model simulations of fossil fuel CO(2). In this paper, we show that, depending on the remoteness of the site, changes of about 7-26% in fossil fuel emissions in respective catchment areas could be detected with confidence by high-precision atmospheric (14)CO(2) measurements when comparing 5-year averages if these inter-annual variations were taken into account. This perspective constitutes the urgently needed tool for validation of fossil fuel CO(2) emissions changes in the framework of the Kyoto protocol and successive climate initiatives. 相似文献
94.
Yuxiong Huang Manyu Gao Wenjing Wang Ziyi Liu Wei Qian Ciara Chun Chen Xiaoshan Zhu Zhonghua Cai 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(9):122