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11.
在西安市某文教区屋面排水立管设径流采样点,雨期采用人工时间间隔采样法采集径流水样,对2016年8月—2016年11月3场屋面径流SS、COD、TN、NH3-N、TP、浊度、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Cr等污染指标进行监测,界定了初期雨水的概念并根据屋面初期雨水水质、水量特征、雨水斗构造设计屋面雨水截污装置,研究了该截污装置的透水性能、工作状态、截污效果和清洗更换周期。结果表明:将暴雨次降雨前30~40 min、大雨和小雨次降雨前40~50 min雨水定义为初期雨水;土工布单位面积质量越大,透水能力越小,且其过滤通量与过滤水头呈线性关系;在不发生溢流的情况下,500 g·m−2的土工布制成的截污装置过滤出水可满足《生活杂用水水质标准》(GB/T 18920-2002)要求;为避免5年一遇的暴雨下屋面积水,截污装置上部溢流孔孔口面积至少应为0.015 4 m2,须至少保证有效过滤区高度为568 mm。研究为缓解西安等干旱、半干旱地区用水紧张问题提供参考。  相似文献   
12.
    
Stormwater infrastructure designers and operators rely heavily on the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to simulate stormwater and wastewater infrastructure performance. Since its inception in the late 1970s, improvements and extensions have been tested and evaluated rigorously to verify the accuracy of the model. As a continuation of this progress, the main objective of this study was to quantify how accurately SWMM simulates the hydrologic activity of low impact development (LID) storm control measures. Model performance was evaluated by quantitatively comparing empirical data to model results using a multievent, multiobjective calibration method. The calibration methodology utilized the PEST software, a Parameter ESTimation tool, to determine unmeasured hydrologic parameters for SWMM’s LID modules. The calibrated LID modules’ Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies averaged 0.81; average percent bias (PBIAS) ?9%; average ratio of root mean square error to standard deviation of measured values 0.485; average index of agreement 0.94; and the average volume error, simulated vs. observed, was +9%. SWMM accurately predicted the timing of peak flows, but usually underestimated their magnitudes by 10%. The average volume reduction, measured outflow volume divided by inflow volume, was 48%. We had more difficulty in calibrating one study, an infiltration trench, which identified a significant limitation of the current version of the SWMM LID module; it cannot simulate lateral exfiltration of water out of the storage layers of a LID storm control measure. This limitation is especially severe for a deep LIDs, such as infiltration trenches. Nevertheless, SWMM satisfactorily simulated the hydrologic performance of eight of the nine LID practices.  相似文献   
13.
2014年底,住建部发布了《海绵城市建设技术指南——低影响开发雨水系统构建》,提出了城市不同层次规划中低影响开发的控制目标和相关要求,以及雨水管理的技术方法.海绵城市的相关研究成为热点,但对于国外先进城市海绵城市规划建设以及管理的直接经验借鉴仍然较少,这里通过重点介绍美国俄勒冈州尤金市雨水“Onsite”(雨水地块内处理)的管理理念、方法以及主要雨水管理设施的用地指标,以期为国内海绵城市的规划建设及管理提供参考.  相似文献   
14.
Sulfadiazine (SD) is a common antibiotic administered to treat bacterial infections in livestock, and its fate and migration are greatly affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). The soil infiltration system [a typical low-impact development (LID) facility] can significantly alter DOM properties during runoff pollution, thus affecting the complexation of SD with DOM. Here, the binding characteristics of different DOM components and SD in the soil infiltration system were explored using spectroscopic techniques (excitation–emission matrices, parallel factor analysis, and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy). Combined with the weakening of DOM fluorescence intensity and 78.63% reduction in mean SD concentration following treatment, synchronous degradation may have occurred. The binding sequence of SD and DOM fluorophores was further explored using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Effluent DOM showed greater sensitivity to SD and more binding sites than influent DOM. Moreover, hydrophobic protein-like substances exhibited higher log KM values than other fluorescent components, indicating that protein-like components play significant roles in SD complexation. The soil percolation system improved the complexation stability and binding sequence of fulvic-like substances. Thus, SD–DOM can be intercepted and degraded using LID facilities to reduce the risk of SD in aquatic environments.  相似文献   
15.
城市化进程的急剧加快使得中国城市饱受暴雨侵袭的困扰。传统的排水机制是雨水排得越快越好,这就需要加大排水管径、增加排水泵站等,因此更多的的成本和更大的地下空间不可避免。另一方面,雨水完全可以成为资源,而不是污染源。基于以上事实,低影响开发(LID)技术被提出并正在成为城市雨水系统发展的趋势。LID技术从源头减少并延迟暴雨径流和峰值,使开发后的城市水文循环接近开发前的自然水文状态。而基于LID技术的绿色水基础设施如雨水花园、透水性铺装、植被浅沟和景观雨水调蓄池等正在越来越多的应用在城市,尤其是一些发达国家在这方面的技术十分成熟。中国起步较晚,只有少数发达城市进行了LID技术的尝试。但从可持续发展的角度来看,LID技术必将得到推广和应用。可以将LID技术与现有的雨水处理设施相结合,构建符合中国国情的城市雨水系统。  相似文献   
16.
研究了基于海绵城市建设的低影响开发技术(LID)对场地开发前后自然水文状态的复原原理,分析了LID技术的主要功能,即在场地控制中采用源头处理或者分散处理的技术,从而达到增加雨水的蒸发量、渗透量,削减洪峰流量与径流量,延长峰现时间及同时净化雨水等目标。对LID的6项功能列清单,提出了功能列表并分析了功能多边形。对LID技术功能的分析,有助于了解LID的主要功能及LID的本质目标,为推进海绵城市的建设提供参考。  相似文献   
17.
    
ABSTRACT: Development type has emerged as an important focal point for addressing a wide range of social, cultural, and environmental concerns related to urban growth. Low impact development techniques that rely heavily on infiltration practices are increasingly being used to manage storm water. In this study, four development types (conventional curvilinear, urban cluster, coving, and new urbanism) were modeled both with and without infiltration practices to determine their relative effects on urban runoff. Modeling was performed with a modified version of the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) runoff method that enables evaluation of infiltration practices. Model results indicate that urban cluster developments produce the smallest volume of runoff due to the large portion of land kept in a natural condition. Infiltration practices are most effective for small storms and in developments with Hydrologic Group A soils. Significant reductions in runoff can be achieved in all four development types if infiltration practices treat many impervious surfaces. As more infiltration practices are implemented, the differences in runoff among development types diminish. With a strategic combination of site layout and infiltration design, any development type can reduce hydrologic impacts, allowing developers to consider other factors, such as convenience, marketability, community needs, and aesthetics.  相似文献   
18.
    
Decentralized Nature-based Solutions such as Urban Green Infrastructures (UGI) are increasingly promoted to reduce flooding in urban areas. Many studies have shown the effectiveness of flood control of UGI at a plot or neighbourhood level. Modelling approaches that extrapolate their flood reducing impact to larger catchment scales are often based on a simplistic assumption of different percentages of UGI implementation. Additionally, such approaches typically do not consider the suitable space for UGI and potential implementation constraints. This study proposes a scenario development and modelling approach for a more realistic upscaling of UGI based on empirical insights from a representative neighbourhood. The results from this study, conducted in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, show that upscaling the full potential for UGI could significantly reduce surface runoff, peak flows, and flood volumes. In particular, the permeable pavement has the highest potential for flood reducing in public space while cisterns perform best at the property level. These results can guide the formation of policies that promote UGI.Supplementary InformationThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01493-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   
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