Preliminary risk analysis for LNG tankers approaching a maritime terminal

LNG ships may represent a remarkable risk source, especially when approaching a land terminal, not only due to the possible occurrence of maritime accident, but also since they may represent a suitable target for terrorist attacks. A preliminary risk analysis for LNG ships approaching the Panigaglia terminal is carried out: based on literature data and on the characteristics of the location, a spill originated from a sea accident can be excluded; on the contrary, intentional damages may cause the release of a large amount of LNG, giving rise to a pool fire. Consequence analysis shows that dangerous thermal effects are expected within a radius of 700–1500 m; in the location under exam, the impact on resident population will be negligible, for the most probable attack site, and marginal for an occasionally used anchorage, which should be no longer allowed.     

基于阻尼器反力墙体系的特大型LNG储罐控制研究

特大型液化天然气(LNG)储罐的固有频率通常介于2～10Hz之间,处于大部分地震运动的频率范围之内.在过去的几十年中,许多事故已经证明,储罐在地震作用下很容易遭破坏.使用隔震支座来减少储罐的地震作用已经被证明是非常有效的,但对于特大型LNG储罐,其连接组件对隔震层层问位移有严格限制,尤其是在软土场地中,桩水平抗力与隔震...     

Risk-based siting considerations for LNG terminals – Comparative perspectives of United States & Europe

Siting regulations and industrial standards for liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals are evolving along different paths within Europe and the United States (U.S.). The 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 190 continues to delineate the United States process to adopt and revise safety regulations pertaining to LNG terminals and peak shaving plant sitting.¹ Embodied in these regulations are rich legal and regulatory traditions that are unique to the U.S. perspective. For example, the public is encouraged to petition existing regulations and to comment on regulatory proposals. Litigation within the U.S. court system is another means by which industry and the public may seek regulatory change. This approach promotes public involvement in governmental oversight and creates a distinctive obligation and accountability for U.S. regulatory agencies, which uniquely shape technical, safety, risk mitigation, and societal risk perspectives for siting LNG terminals.European traditions shape siting regulations for LNG terminals as well. Though American siting guidance includes references to the National Fire Protection Association’s NFPA 59A and 49 CFR, Part 193, European developers also apply the guidance within EN 1473 – a risk-based case-by-case analysis directive.^{2, 3 and 4} The NFPA 59A standard is applied for a basis to examine property line spacing as they pertain or may relate to off-site hazard impacts. The European approach applies the assessment and suitability of code compliance and the application of accepted engineering practices. In addition the approach incorporates the application of empirical risk assessments and computational modeling to reach an understanding of risk exposures. European policies set limits on the population’s cumulative exposure to facility risks and require LNG facility developers not to exceed established risk criteria.This paper describes how the U.S. and Europe site LNG terminals, identifies key differences in their risk-based approaches, and explains why these differences exist. This discussion also examines historical precedents that have influenced regulations and approval processes for siting LNG terminals within each continent.     

基于灰色关联分析的LNG接收终端人因事故辨识方法

陆岸LNG接收终端是LNG海上进口系统中的重要设施。针对我国LNG接收终端人因事故不断增多的现状，基于航空事故调查分析中的HFACS事故致因分析模型，将人因事故的影响因素归纳为个人因素、人际因素、环境因素、监督因素和组织因素五大类，结合灰色理论中的灰色关联分析，得到了LNG接收终端人因事故辨识方法。最后，运用该方法对某LNG接收终端人因事故进行辨识，通过灰关联度的计算，找出其最主要的不安全事件来自“个人因素”中的个人“安全意识不强”。此方法克服了小样本事故数据带来的弊端，对保障LNG接收终端的安全运行具有一定的指导意义。     

液化天然气(LNG)接收站定量风险评估

介绍了定量风险评估的概念及其主要步骤,结合LNG接收站定量风险评估实例,阐述了定量风险评估技术的实施过程.     

水幕稀释罐区LNG泄漏扩散试验与模拟研究

为缓解液化天然气(LNG)泄漏事故后果,利用有色发烟剂模拟LNG泄漏扩散行为,研究水幕的关键参数,包括安装位置、安装高度等对罐区LNG泄漏云团稀释效果的影响,并采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件FLUENT验证试验结果。模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合,表明有色发烟剂试验能够定性模拟罐区LNG泄漏扩散及水幕稀释云团效果。水幕安装在储罐与泄漏源中间,并且安装高度高于云团2倍以上,能够有效稀释LNG云团,保护储罐安全。水幕稀释云团的主要物理机制是液滴与空气间动量交换抬升云团高度,形成的旋涡卷吸空气进入云团内部,加速云团稀释。     

Underwater LNG release test findings: Experimental data and model results

An underwater LNG release test was conducted to understand the phenomena that occur when LNG is released underwater and to determine the characteristic of the vapor emanating from the water surface. Another objective of the test was to determine if an LNG liquid pool formed on the water surface, spread and evaporated in a manner similar to that from an on-the-surface release of LNG.A pit of dimensions 10.06 m × 6.4 m and 1.22 m depth filled with water to 1.14 m depth was used. A vertically upward shooting LNG jet was released from a pipe of 2.54 cm diameter at a depth of 0.71 m below the water surface. LNG was released over 5.5-min duration, with a flow rate of 0.675 ± 0.223 L/s. The wind speed varied between 2 m/s and 4 m/s during the test.Data were collected as a function of time at a number of locations. These data included LNG flow rate, meteorological conditions, temperatures at a number of locations within the water column, and vapor temperatures and concentrations in air at different downwind locations and heights. Concentration measurements were made with instruments on poles located at 3.05 m, 6.1 m and 9.14 m from the downwind edge of the pit and at heights 0.46 m, 1.22 m, and 2.13 m. The phenomena occurring underwater were recorded with an underwater video camera. Water surface and in-air phenomena including the dispersion of the vapor emanating from the water surface were captured on three land-based video cameras.The lowest temperature recorded for the vapor emanating from the water surface was −1 °C indicating that the vapor emitted into air was buoyant. In general the maximum concentration observed at each instrument pole was progressively at higher and higher elevations as one traveled downwind, indicating that the vapor cloud was rising. These findings from the instrument recorded data were supported by the visual record showing the “white” cloud rising, more or less vertically, in air. No LNG pool was observed on the surface of water. Discussions are provided on the test findings and comparison with predictions from a previously published theoretical model.     

基于GO法的LNG接收站气化外输系统可靠性分析

为保障液化天然气(LNG)接收站工艺系统生产的安全,基于GO法原理,对某接收站气化外输系统进行可靠性分析。在对系统工艺流程分析的基础上建立GO图,并采用概率公式算法分别对该系统进行可靠性定性与定量分析。结果表明:GO图简单实用,能够直观准确地表征系统工艺流程。GO运算得出气化外输系统的平均工作概率为0.977 814,平均维修时间为58 h,系统可连续稳定运行107天以上。由于数据是基于保守原则确定基本事件的,因此,计算所得可靠性结果可以作为气化外输系统安全可靠性的下限。     

液化天然气气化站风险评价实例分析

以某拟建液化天然气气化站项目为例,对环境风险评价的要点进行了分析.根据风险导则要求及重大危险源辨识标准,对液化天然气气化站的重大风险源进行了识别,给出了最大可信事故及源强的确定方法,采用多烟团模式及蒸气云爆炸模式对确定的最大可信事故后果进行预测,并阐述了风险计算和评价结论及风险管理等内容.     

Modeling of pool spreading of LNG on land

This paper presents a source term model for estimating the rate of spreading of LNG and other cryogenic mixtures on unconfined land. The model takes into account the composition changes of a boiling mixture, the varying thermodynamic properties due to preferential boiling within the mixture and the effect of the various boiling regimes on conductive heat transfer. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the relative effect of each of these phenomena on pool spread. The model is applied to continuous and instantaneous spills. The model is compared to literature experimental data on cryogenic pool spreading.