Fenton反应中氧化还原电势的变化规律

Fenton反应中,由于各种介质价态及形态的改变,氧化还原电位(ORP)也随之发生变化．在滴加H2O2过程中,H2O2／[Fe^2 ]0的摩尔比小于0．75时,ORP的升高是一个快速过程;大于0．75后,ORP的变化趋于缓慢．当体系中没有加入有机物时,随着过量H2O2的加入,Fe^2 以微量且较稳定的浓度存在,体系的ORP也保持较稳定的状态;当加入石油烃后,伴随着H2O2浓度降至微量,少量Fe^3 能被有机自由基还原成Fe^2 ,相对应的ORP也出现下降．不同H2O2浓度对应不同的ORP曲线,H2O2浓度愈高,ORP最大值出现得也愈迟．通过研究ORP的变化规律,进一步揭示了Fenton反应的机理．     

生化法处理煤气废水

采用Ａ／Ｏ工艺处理煤气废水的研究结果表明,该工艺能同时去除煤气废水中的有机物和氨氮,在试验确定的条件下,该工艺对煤气废水中的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率达９１．０％,ＢＯＤ５去除率达９９．１％,ＮＨ３－Ｎ去除率达９９．２％,ＴＮ去除率达９４．７％。     

茚虫威对斑马鱼的急性毒性及遗传毒性

茚虫威属噁二嗪类新型广谱高效杀虫剂,在农业生产中有着重要作用,近年来随着用量的增加,由此产生的对水生生物的影响越来越受到重视。使用斑马鱼进行茚虫威的急性毒性作用实验,并采用微核试验、彗星试验、Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色检测观察染毒后的斑马鱼是否被诱导产生遗传毒性。结果表明:在24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,茚虫威LC50值分别为2.263mg·L-1、2.184 mg·L-1、2.184 mg·L-1、2.133 mg·L-1。茚虫威对斑马鱼急性毒性属中等毒性。96 h茚虫威浓度为1.98 mg·L-1和2.16 mg·L-1时,斑马鱼的微核率与对照组相比达差异极显著水平(P0.01)。采用彗星试验检测斑马鱼肝脏DNA损伤,结果显示斑马鱼暴露于高浓度1.98 mg·L-1和2.16 mg·L-1茚虫威后,与对照组相比,斑马鱼的DNA损伤均表现为极显著差异(P0.01)。采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色流式细胞仪法检测,结果表明染毒后24 h斑马鱼肝细胞出现细胞凋亡现象。实验结果进一步表明,茚虫威对斑马鱼短期染毒后诱导细胞凋亡,表现出遗传毒性。     

INTEGRATING SOCIAL BENEFIT COST ACCOUNTING INTO WATERSHED RESTORATION AND PROTECTION PROGRAMS1

ABSTRACT: Successful watershed management requires consideration of multiple objectives and the efficient use of scarce public and private resources. One way to address these multi-faceted issues is through Social Benefit-Cost Accounting (SBCA). SBCA is a systematic method of addressing complex social and economic issues relevant to proposed watershed management projects. Benefits of using this technique include: benefits and costs of watershed projects are better understood; politically sensitive issues tend to be put into perspective; and stakeholders' interests are placed on a level playing field. An example from Bogota, Colombia demonstrates how SBCA can be used to value the benefits and costs of a proposed project. By addressing the benefits and costs to all stakeholders, the design of watershed management programs can be improved to achieve goals in a cost-effective manner.     

HISTORICAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT OF THE WESTERN WATERSHEDS MOVEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The 1990s have featured a rapid proliferation of “watershed initiatives” in the western United States and elsewhere. Watershed initiatives are ad hoc, voluntary associations typically featuring both governmental and non-governmental actors organized together to collaboratively seek new strategies for addressing water and related natural resource problems at physically relevant regional scales. These efforts are a response to historical and sociopolitical trends that have resulted in increasingly ineffective forums and processes of resource management decision-making, and that have subordinated the role of local stakeholders in problem-solving efforts. In most cases, watershed initiatives appear to provide a pragmatic vehicle for resource managers and stakeholders to address common concerns in a more efficient manner than is otherwise possible, and as such, deserve further application and continued support.     

BENEFITS FROM MANAGING FARM PRODUCED NUTRIENTS1

Manures and fertilizers are applied to agricultural lands in excess of recommended amounts, resulting in widespread pollution of surface and ground water and contributing a substantial source of greenhouse gases associated with global warming. By developing policies that exploit the value of farm produced nutrients, input costs can be minimized. Better accounting for or crediting of farm produced nutrients is leading to economically beneficial conservation of fertilizer. In addition, hog producers who own enough land may benefit from properly managing manure nutrients. Poultry litter is valuable as fertilizer and can be marketed by independent dealers to farmers in nutrient deficit areas, with very modest assistance from the government. Dairy producers may modify their past income support programs to finance central compost facilities. Although nutrient problems were neglected in the past, recent Federal initiatives and joint initiatives with states exploit many of these and other opportunities to avoid excessive application of nutrients to the land.     

COMPARISON OF MODELS FOR ESTIMATING FLOOD QUANTILES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT1

We develop and compare three regression models for estimating flood quantiles at ungaged stream reaches in New Hampshire and Vermont. These models emerge from systematic analysis and validation of relations between flood magnitude and six candidate predictors reflecting basin size, topography, and climate and channel size at 36 gaging stations with record lengths exceeding 20 years. Of the candidate predictors, bank full width is most highly correlated with flood magnitude and the best prediction equation is based on width. Thus channel geometry is closely related to the current hydrologic regime in spite of geologically recent glaciation and apparently non-alluvial bank materials. We also develop models that use information obtainable from maps or GIS. The best of these uses drainage area and drainage-basin elevation as predictors, but it is substantially less precise than the width-based relation. A third relation using only drainage area as a predictor is even less precise but may be useful for some purposes. No other single predictors or combinations yielded useful predictions, although some had been included in previously-established models for the region. Model comparison included examination of residuals generated by regression using one-at-a-time suppression of data points and comparison with precision obtainable with gaging records of varying lengths.     

废催化剂浸出规律的静态实验方法

利用静态浸出实验方法对废催化剂中重金属在不同固水比和浸出次数条件下的浸出规律进行了系统研究。实验发现浸出次数大于３次后,重金属的浸出浓度和浸出速率趋于稳定,同时固水比的增加也没有明显改变废催化剂中重金属的浸出。认为在浸取次数大于３次以后,随着表面溶质的溶解,浸出过程主要为内扩散所控制。     

β-蒎烯的液相臭氧化反应研究

研究β－蒎烯的液相臭氧化反应,利用ＧＣ／ＭＳ联用系统监测,分析了反应的全过程,确定臭氧化反应的主要产物是不蒎酮,产率为４６％,在Ｏ３存在下稳定,无次级反应,根据液相反应的分析结果,对气相反应的可能机理进行了讨论。     

温敏性水凝胶对金属离子Y3+,UO2+2的浓集分离

利用合成的ＰＮＩＰＡＡｍ／ＡＡｃ交联共聚温敏性水凝胶分别对水溶液中微量的Ｙ＾２＋,ＣＵ２＾２＋离子进行浓集分离研究。实验结果表明,凝胶能有效浓集Ｙ＾２＋,ＵＯ２＾２＋离子,在ＰＨ＝１～４范围内,凝胶的溶胀比及对Ｙ＾３＋,ＵＯ２＾２＋的浓集率均随ＰＨ的增大而增大,浓集率分别达到８０％和９０％,凝胶溶胀比的增大浓集量分别为５．２９３ｍｇ．ｇ＾－１、３６．１６ｍｇ．ｇ＾－１凝胶的表面积也对浓集率有限大影